Objectives Chapter 11 Emotion and Motivation NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pp 406 413 and pp 429 432 Describe the Discrete Emotions theory and distinguish between primary Emotions Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our and secondary emotions experiences Discreet Emotions Theory Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology All humans across the world share the same six emotions Six primary emotions Happiness disgust fear sadness surprise and anger Pride Primary emotions combine to form secondary emotions Alarm fear surprise Contempt anger disgust All humans across the world share the same six emotions Don t need to see emotions to experience them Ex Blind people Explain how display rules affect the perception of emotion in other people People are very good at identifying emotions usually o Cross culturally Display rules how and when to express emotion Factors shaping our own displays o Cultural differences Americans are very expressive o Power differences Laughing joke that isn t funny o Gender differences No differences in amt of emotions men show emotions less Men fall in love faster and out slower o NOTE display does not mean feel ex fake smiles when come in 2nd or 3rd place Describe three major theories of emotion including the James Lange theory Cannon Bard theory and two factor theory also called Schacter Singer theory James Lange Theory Stimulus Physiological Arousal Emotion Ex Scared by bear heart starts beating then feel fear BUT physiological arousal can be the same for 2 different emotions Ex heart beating excitement or fear Cannon Bard theory Stimulus causes both Physiological Arousal and Emotion at the same time Two factor Schacter Singer theory Stimulus Physiological Arousal Cognitive Appraisal Emotion Define motivation as psychologists use the term today Motivation is psychological needs or desires that energize or direct behavior Identify three perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior 1 Drive Reduction Theory Basic idea A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates organisms to seek need satisfaction Ex There s discomfort in not having the need met 2 Incentive Theories Motivated behavior extends beyond satisfying drive Define homeostasis as used by drive reduction theorists o Physiological Aim Homeostasis Homeostasis equilibrium maintaining a balanced or constant internal state To sustain life certain substances and characteristics of the body must be kept within a restricted range not too high low Explain why evidence of curiosity driven behavior supports incentive or too theories One piece of evidence for incentive theories is curiosity Animals often explore the world around them in the absence of any need based drive Distinguish between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation People are motivated by internal goals Extrinsic motivation People are motivated by external goals Describe Maslow s hierarchy of needs Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Model o Emphasizes the prioritizing of diverse needs o Basic needs before higher level needs Objectives Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pp 584 586 and pp 589 610 Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered Abnormal Different from the norm Unusual Statistically atypical Culture Not all abnormal phenomena are bad Abnormal behavior may be psychologically disordered if it causes significant distress Normal Distress Some forms of distress and disability are the expected response to an event E g Grief over the death of a loved one Dysfunction Statistical Deviants Distress and Dysfunction 3 d s of identifying abnormal behavior Ex Intense fear of heights It s a matter of degree not either or deviates is distressed or experiences dysfunction at times Impairs one s ability to get along in life Everyone Describe the goals and content of the DSM IV TR Classifying Psychological Disorders Syndromes DSM 1st edition 1952 Current edition DSM IV TR Groups disorders by category Checklist of observable symptoms for diagnoses A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder Discuss the benefits but also the potential dangers of using diagnostic labels Watch out for psych student syndrome A reliably observed CONSTELLATION of symptoms must be present for at least an established length of time before someone can be diagnosed as a psychological disorder having As suggested by our study of schemas Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and interpretations E g Rosenhan s 1973 undercover study The media is often neither accurate nor kind in its portrayal of psychological disorders E g Contra TV only a few percent of people with mental disorders commit aggressive acts Should people with diseases be ridiculed Mental health professionals use labels to Efficiently communicate about their cases Bring to mind the likely underlying causes Discern effective treatment programs Define anxiety disorders and contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder Defining feature Exaggeration of THREAT Distressing persistent anxiety Results in May lead to Maladaptive anxiety reducing behaviors Three anxiety disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Defining Feature Continually tense and uneasy even in the absence of any specific anxiety provoking stimulus Panic Disorder Defining Feature Panic Attacks Intense Fear Frightening Physiological Symptoms Phobias Intense fear of a particular animal object or situation Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience Describe the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder Defining Features Obsessions Compulsions Recurrent and persistent distress causing thoughts Repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession Common Types of Obsessions Contamination dirt germs etc Repeated doubts Need for symmetry orderliness Aggressive impulses Sexual imagery Common Types of Compulsions Cleaning washing Checking Arranging lining up objects Counting repeating words constant praying Describe the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder Defining Features Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear helplessness or horror Re experiences trauma through Distressing recollections dreams Feeling of reliving trauma Intense distress physiological arousal when exposed to reminders Discuss the
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