Psychology Final Exam Review Chapter 15 o 4 D s Psychopathology mental disorder often seen as failure to adapt to the environment Dysfunction causes impairment Distress causes distress to the individual or to those around him her Deviation not normative Dangerousness potential harm to the individual Diathesis Stress Model o Predisposition for mental disorder diathesis o Live events affecting disposition for mental disorder stress Bio Psycho Social Model biological social and psychological factors all play a role in whether or not a person gets a mental disorder The DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders a system that contains a criteria list for mental disorders o 5 Dimensions Major mental disorder Overall level of daily functioning Personality disorder and mental retardation Associated medical conditions Life stressors o Criticisms Mood disorders Arbitrary distinctions High level of comorbidity individuals with one diagnosis tend to have more Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology o Major Depressive Episodes lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities Major depressive disorder Symptoms weight loss sleep difficulties Explanations Depression and life events Depression as a social disorder Depression as a loss of reinforcement Depression as a disorder of thinking Females more likely to get MDD o Bipolar disorder condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode Major depressive episode precedes or follows a manic episode more than half the time o Suicide MDD and bipolar disorder are at a higher risk for suicide than most disorders Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Thwarted belongingness Perceived burdensomeness Capability for suicide Must have all three in order for suicide to become a possibility Anxiety disorders o Generalized anxiety disorder continual feelings of worry anxiety physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning o Panic disorder repeated and unexpected panic attacks Panic attack brief intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating dizziness light headedness racing heart and feelings of impending death or going crazy o Phobias intense fear of an object or situation that s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat Specific phobia intense fear of objects places or situations that is greatly out of proportion Social phobia marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation seems likely Agoraphobia fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or which help is unavailable in case of a panic attack Chapter 16 Psychoanalytic therapy o Free association o Interpretation o Dream Analysis o Resistance o Transference Psychodynamic therapy focuses more on the interpersonal relationship between therapist and client o Maladaptation is unconscious Humanistic therapy therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive Chapter 1 James understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts feelings and behaviors Freud uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior Skinner Watson uncover the general principles of learning that explain all behaviors focus is largely on observable behavior Six principles of scientific thinking o Ruling out rival hypothesis o Correlation v Causation o Falsifiability o Replicability o Extraordinary claims o Occam s razor does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well Conformation bias tendency to seek out evidence that supports hypothesis Basic research vs Applied research o Basic research research examining how the mind works o Applied research research examining how we can use basic research to solve real world problems Different scientific methods o Naturalistic observation o Case studies o Self report measures o Surveys o Correlation designs Correlations Positive both increase Negative one increases Zero no relationship o Correlation does not imply causation o Cannot be greater than 1 or less than 1 o Illusory correlation perception of statistical association where none exists Chapter 3 Bio Psych Different lobes of the brain frontal parietal temporal occipital o Frontal motor function language and memory Oversees and organizes most other brain functions Motor cortex Prefrontal cortex responsible for thinking planning and language o Parietal specialized for touch and perception Contains somatosensory cortex sensitive to pressure pain and temperature Communicates info to motor cortex when we reach grasp or move our eyes o Temporal lower part of cerebral cortex plays a role in hearing understanding storing Contains auditory cortex and Wernicke s area which is responsible for speech comprehension o Occipital lies at the rear of the brain and contains the visual cortex specialized for memories vision Vision first goes to primary sensory cortex then to association cortex for further processing Size shape color location of objects Amygdala plays a role in fear excitement and arousal o In the limbic system o Activated when exposed to strong emotional stimuli Phineas Gage tamping iron through the skull and frontal lobes in a railroad accident destroyed much of his prefrontal cortex Completely changed his personality Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception Bottom up processing vs top down processing o Bottom up begins with automatic sensory detection and encoding of the stimuli into a meaningful representation Edge detection color or movement o Top down begins with conscious organization and interpretation of the stimuli using or beliefs and expectations Change blindness surprising visual blindness to changes in a scene o Can occur due to failure to store information Inattention blindness o Failure to notice change because attention is drawn elsewhere o Failure to detect unexpected stimulus that is fully visible in a single display o Does not require comparison to memory Weber s law there is a constant proportional relationship between the just noticeable difference and original stimulus intensity Chapter 6 Learning Classical conditioning o Unconditioned stimulus UCS stimulus that elicits an automatic response o Unconditioned response UCR automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned o Conditioned response CR response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through
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