Learning is a relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that results from experience Chapter 7 Learning Notes What is Learning Major Types of learning Conditioning Classical Pavlovian conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Models of learning Latent learning Observational learning Insight learning Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Pavlov form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Principles of Classical Conditioning INVOLUTARY responses Acquisition learning phase during which a conditioned response is established Extinction gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus Generalization process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response Discrimination Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus Operant Conditioning VOLUNTARY responses Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior Shaping conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target Positive reinforcement the frequency of a behavior is increased because you give the person or animal something pleasurable Ex You study and get good grades Negative Reinforcement when the frequency of a behavior is increased because you take away something that is aversive You study and feel less anxiety Positive Punishment when a behavior is decreased by giving an aversive response to the behavior Ex Spanking for talking back Grounding for talking back Negative punishment when a behavior is decreased by taking away something pleasurable Schedules of Reinforcement Best is Continuous reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Varies across two dimensions Consistency of administering reinforcement fixed vs regular Basic of administering reinforcement ratio vs interval Fixed Ratio Reinforcement is provided following a regular number of responses Variable ratio Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average with the number varying randomly Fixed interval Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once following a specific time interval Variable interval Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once during an average time interval with the interval varying randomly Thorndike s Law of effect Forms the basis of much of operant conditioning If a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future Cats solved problems solely through trial and error Punishment vs Reinforcement In negative reinforcement you are removing a stimulus which increases target behavior In punishment you are always trying to decrease target behavior Controversy over Skinner Is human freedom an illusion if we are all controlled by our environment Actions are merely a product of environmental factors Latent Learning Learning that s not directly observable doesn t contain obvious rewards or punishments Observational learning Bobo doll Modeling imitation Insight learning
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