Biodiversity diversity between species species richness within species genetic diversity and habitat ecosystem diversity Variety of life High predictability low diversity Estimated species 8 7 million most are insects plants We think there are over 10m species 1 5 2 m named species Species definition a population of individuals that are very similar to one another and share a recent evolutionary history and that can mate and produce fertile offspring problems w this definition not all organisms use sexual reproduction speciation is not instantaneous not enough is known abt Classification Binomial nomenclature Genus species hierarchical system Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Linnean classification system by carl linnaeus Domain bacteria prokaryotic single celled organisms Domain eukarya animals fungi plants Domain archaea halophiles thermophiles Evolution change in the genetic nature of living things over time Genotype set of genes carried by an individual Phenotype the expression of a trait carried by an individual Global patterns tropics esp Amazon has the highest biodiversity Measuring biodiversity Species richness of species Evenness relative abundance Diversity indices combine both Phylogenetic trees show evolutionary relationships Ecosystem services provisioning food medicine regulating climate pollination supporting nutrient cycling cultural aesthetic spiritual Genetics terms Genotype genetic makeup Phenotype physical traits Gene unit of heredity Allele variant of a gene Genomics large scale study of genomes advances biodiversity research e g barcoding species Population thinking evolution acts on populations not individuals Stats mean average standard deviation variation spread Darwin s contributions natural selection common descent Natural selection requires variation heritability differential survival reproduction Types of selection Stabilizing middle favored Directional one extreme favored Disruptive both extremes favored Speciation geographic isolation divergence Evidence fossils anatomy genetics biogeography observable evolution Human impacts artificial selection antibiotic resistance climate driven changes Ecology drives evolution predation competition climate Climate long term weather affects ecosystems Ecological niche role environmental requirements of species Species interactions competition predation mutualism commensalism parasitism Food webs energy flow trophic levels keystone species Disturbance resets ecosystems can increase diversity intermediate disturbance hypothesis Ecosystem biotic abiotic example forest coral reef Hierarchy individual population species community ecosystem Climate change shifts ranges alters phenology increases extinctions Agriculture ecological uses ecosystems evolutionary selective breeding Differences from natural ecosystems monocultures lower diversity Selective breeding artificial selection reduces genetic diversity vulnerability e g Irish potato famine GMOs vs selective breeding GMOs direct gene insertion Disturbance in agriculture plowing harvesting pesticides Seafood still wild harvested overfishing common Climate change affects crops fisheries pests Pathogens bacteria viruses protists also fungi parasites Medicines from biodiversity plants fungi esp tropical forests Immunity Innate general fast Acquired specific active vaccination infection passive antibodies from mother or serum Antibiotic resistance human driven selection Resistance mechanisms efflux pumps mutation Genetic diseases allele frequencies differ across populations Climate change shifts disease ranges e g mosquitoes expand Hunter gatherers use wild biodiversity Agricultural societies shape biodiversity through farming Biodiversity in culture religious symbols pets ornaments Biophilia innate love for nature Modern changes less direct interaction with nature Solastalgia distress from environmental change Nature deficit disorder disconnection from nature esp in children Commensal organisms benefit no effect on host Species in humans gut microbes mutualism commensalism skin flora Parasites may need multiple hosts Home city biodiversity insects fungi bacteria Soil garden biodiversity decomposers pollinators Coevolution interactions shape both partners e g host parasite Theories of tropical diversity Time area hypothesis older larger area Climate stability Productivity hypothesis more energy supports more species Biotic interactions hypothesis coevolution specialization Amazon hotspot due to climate forest structure Epiphytes plants that grow on other plants commensal mutualistic traits Abiotic effects seasonal flooding river habitats Pollination coevolution specialized flowers and pollinators Disturbance fires floods treefalls Three main impacts habitat alteration invasive species overexploitation Invasive species especially harmful on islands spread via human transport Florida hotspot for invasives climate ports Consequences contribute to 6th mass extinction Climate change ocean acidification harms shell forming organisms also affects species ranges ecosystems Ecology the study of factors influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms the interactions between organisms and their environment Biome a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat Climate is largely determined by temp and precipitation Change in elevation corresponds to change in biome Climates exist in multiple locations ex mediterranean climate similar environments produce species with similar roles Ecological niche a particular set of environmental conditions in which a species normally occurs Ecological niches allow many species to persist in a community Community all the species in a specific location Mutualism both species benefit Predation predator eats prey resulting in a benefit for predator cost for prey Disturbance a sudden change in the environment Viruses not living organisms Bacteria single celled organisms prokaryotes no nucleus no membrane bound organelle antibiotics kill Parasites single or multi cellular more difficult to treat eukaryotes life cycle often involve multiple host Immune system body s response to pathogens innate all animals acquired vertebrates active own antibodies passive ready made antibodies More genetic diversity in the immune system greater immunity Biophilia the love of living things Solastalgia grief caused by loss of a loved place 4 theories of why tropics have so much biodiversity 1Tropics are
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