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Biodiversity:Ch. 1: What is Biodiversity and why should we care?1.1: Unity and Diversity of Life - bio = life, diversity = variety/differences - Biodiversity: variety of life - Individuals may vary in genotype and phenotype: genotype: set of genes carried by an individual phenotype: the expression of a trait in an individual- Genes and environment can contribute to diversity within a species- Most important discovery of a unifying principle of life was the theory of evolution by natural selection by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace in the 19th century- There are a vast number of species of life on earth. o (only named species)50,000 vertebrates, 950,000 insects, 100,000 bacteria & protista, 100,00 fungi, 300,000 plants, 250,000 other invertebrates- Currently there are somewhere between 1.5 million and 2 million species named. - Taxonomists or systematists: highly trained specialists required to find and identify new species. - Species: a population or group of populations of organisms that are very similar to one another and share a recent evolutionary history. - No single definition of a species in biology:o 1. Different biological characteristics of different organisms make it hard to use a single characteristic to define a species.o 2. Species don’t form instantly (Wolves and coyotes)o 3. Amount of info about species is different in different situations- Linnean System of classification: species are organized into larger named groups and given several named rankso Swediesh biologists Linneauso Every species is given a a name that is known as a bionomialo EX: Humans  Homo sapiens - The first name (Homo) is the name of the genus to which that species belongso Genus: a small group of very similar, closely related species.  Plulural is genera- The highest rank in the Linnean classification is the kingdomo Now most biologists include an even higher level: Domain. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya1.2: Ecology – Species diversity and richness- Different habitats vary greatly in abundance and diversity of organisms- Species are often defined by the ability to interbreed- Tundra and the ocean have few different types of plants and animals, tropicalrainforests and coral reefs have huge numbers of species.- Closer to the border you are, the more species you will encounter.- Species Richness: the number of species occurring in a particular area o Scientists studying communities of species think of diversity as a composite of both the number of species and the evenness of abundance of the different species. 1.3: Evolution – The Ultimate Source of Diversity- The ultimate explanation for biological diversity is evolution.- Phylogeny: shows the diversity of life on earth as a branching, tree-like structure. o Evolution does not simply result in one species replacing another, butrather in one species becoming two different species1.4: Ecological Importance of Biodiversity – Ecosystem Services- An ecosystem is all the organisms living in a particular areao Includes nonliving environment (ie: are, water, soil, etc)- Ecosystem services: different species take on different roles in an ecosystemo Species provide oxygen, nitrogen for creation of proteins, synthesize biological moleculeso Diversity is essential for an ecosystem – no one species is capable of doing everything1.7: Genomics – Diversity and Molecular Biology – Hypothesis test and diversity- Biologists compare different form of life to reveal the relationship between form and function  comparative methodo EX: comparing monkeys – tree-living monkeys have long arms, ground monkeys’ are short, therefore long arms are advantageous fortree climbing- Genomics: the study of the molecular structure of many genes at the same time.- Genome: the entire set of genetic material in a cello A single cell contains the entire genome of the individual organism- Differences in genes are the fundamental basis for diversityo Because they have different Alleles (particular version of a gene)o Different species have the same games but different versions of them1.8: Human Impacts on Biodiversity- Humans are greatly impacting the world’s biodiversity in a bad wayo Mass Extinction Events: periods in which biodiversity dramatically declined We’ve seen 5 in the past 450 million years  The last was 65 million years ago – the mass extinction of dinosaurs- It’s estimated that 30% of land bird species may be extinct by 2100- Human-caused changes are increasing pop. Size of most organisms and increasing chance for extinction o Changes include: habitat loss due to human activities, movement of invasive species, climate change, etc. Ch 2: Evolution: The Source of Biodiversity2.1: Populational Thinking- Populations: groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area- Mean = average - Standard deviation: measure of variations, average distance from the mean- Populational: views people or animals or bacteria or cities as being parts of populations of similar thingso Ex: Everyone in Tallahassee is similar in that they live in the same city,but differ in a large number of other wayso People think typologically: they assign things to categories and expect them to fit into those categories.2.2: Darwin- Charles Darwin learned about biodiversity by travelling on the Beagle to South America and the Galapagos. - Alfred Russel Wallace learned about biodiversity through his travels to the Amazon and SE Asia2.3: The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection- Biologists before Darwin proposed that species changed over time, but Darwin had two major contributions to the concept of evolution:o 1. Natural Selection: Characteristics that help organisms survive and reproduce in a specific environment will become prevalent in that environment EX: Peppered moths during Industrial Revolutiono 2. Branching pattern of evolution from a common ancestor all life had a common ancestor great diversity came about through a process of divergence over time – species split in two and the two new species evolved to be different from one another (phylogeny)2.4 Natural Selection and Evolutionary History are powerful tools for explaining the diversity of life- Natural Selection doesn’t act on characteristics that don’t occur in nature. - Diversity of life has helped us explain why we and other forms of life grow oldo Large animals live longer than small ones2.5: Where do New Species Come From?- Natural Selection acts


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FSU BSC 1005 - Biodiversity

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