What's in a virion?RNA or DNA genome packaged within a protein coat and in some cases a lipid envelope.What caused the Black Death?What caused the Spanish flu (influenza)?H1N1Signal transductionProcess of translating ligand-receptor interaction into changes in cellular function or gene expression.Steps of a virus’ life cycle1. Virus binds to a receptor2. Entry and uncoating3. Early gene expression4. Replication of viral genome5. Late gene expression6. Assembly of viral progeny7. ExitWhat virus is related to yellow fever?Dengue and WNVBoth are caused by mosquito-borne virusesWhich isn't in a nucleotide?Nucleic acid (other choices were phosphate group, nitrogenous bases, and pentose sugar)What is filtered in a .02 filter (something to this extent)EM topographyWhen you tilt the slide but the microscope stays in placeEx: CT scanWhy viruses can lead to cancer?An Oncogenic virus is one that whose infection leads to cancer.What causes Mad Cow Disease?Prion, which is not a virus but instead a proteinWhat do interferons do? (The question is which is something interferons do not do but it’s whatever isn’t listed here)Bind to receptorsProduce signal transduction pathwaysEstablish an antiviral state in an infected cellWhat virus does not affect the respiratory system?HIVWhat is not true about protein envelopes?Which will probably inhibit viral entry?Proton pumpsThere is a vaccine that protects against HIV (T/F)?FalseWhy does RNA have a higher mutation rate?The enzymes used to copy RNA genomes have low fidelity during replicationWhat virus is named after a disease it causes?Varicella-zoster virusViruses are caused by environment and human changes (T/F)?TrueWhat is the most effective way to slow down the spread of SARS?Quarantine and travel restrictionsWhat is cocktail therapy?How many people have AIDS worldwide?30-40 million peopleMetastable stateBaby bio exam 2 questions1. Signal TransductionThe process of translating ligand-receptor interaction into changes in cellular function or gene expression.2. Is there a shot for the AIDs infectionNo shot 3.What is the virus that causes mad cowprotein4. What was the virus that caused the black death in Europebacterial infection (yersinia pests)5. What is the virus for the spanish influenzaH1N16. Something about if you put something through a filter, what would remainA filter with 0.2 micron size pores effectively remove bacterial contamination. 7. Why do RNA viruses have higher mutation rates than DNA virusesRNA mutates because it has a low fidelity8. Steps of virus cyclethe virus binds to a receptor, entry and uncoating, early gene expression, replication of viral genome, late gene expression, assembly of viral progeny, exit9. Something about proton pumpsmembrane fusion and viral entry10. Something about cocktail therapyvirus maturation/assembly11. Which of the following will most likely inhibit viral entry?Proton pumps12. How many people in the world currently have HIV30-40 Million13. EM Topography is…The CT scan of viruses. The samples is tilted, the microscope scanner stays stationary.14. Packaging signals The packaging signal for a retrovirus is:Answer: RNA as a genome15. HIV does not enter through respiratory system 16. Viruses are caused by environmental and human changes 17. CD4+ T Cells, which are important for both antibody- and cytotoxic T cell-based immunity, are gradually depleted by HIV infection…True18. Tears in your eyes or mucus in your respiratory tract are known as what type of defense?Chemical Defense and physical barrier19. How to prevent SARSQuarantine and travel restrictions (SARS)20. Varicella- zoster virus is named after…The diseases it causes.21. What interferon’s doInteferons will bind to receptors and produce signal transduction pathway. This establishes an antiviral statein the infected cell.22. What viral receptors doa cell surface molecule that is bound by a virus to mediate its entry into host cells.23. Why do viruses need to use repeating units for building virions (hint: a virion is manymany times larger than a single protein)?24. Know what envelope proteins are and what they’re made ofvirus encode proteins displayed on the membrane surface of the virion. These ‐proteins are typically glycoproteins (having sugars added to them)25. What is not in a nucleotideNucleic acids26. know the difference between electron & light microscopes27. know that angstrom is the smallest 28. how many people die each year from HIV? 1-2 million29. the question about DNA double helix with an antiparallel arrangement antiparallel arrangement30. understand what metastable isa long lived stable state that is less stable than the most stable (lowest energy) state.‐31.PAMP question dsRNA32. there's something about why flu virus strains come back each yearmutation 33. HIV can be transmitted through: sexual contact, blood, and mother child transmission.All the above34. know that you can't have a double stranded genome type with one strand of DNA and one strand of RNA35. what virus is related to yellow fever?Acute viral hemorraphic diease; mosquito borne virus36. enceohalitis affects the nervous system37. HIV = CCR538. SARS is a new virus39. microtubule(MT), microfilament(MF), IF belong in cytoskeleton40. primary cells don’t last as long41. structure of a protein42. EM tomograph = CT scan43. endosome will give you acidic ph level44. steps for endocytosis1. Receptor binding2. Pit formation3. Membrane pinching off (endosome formation)4. Acidification of endosomes5. Receptor recycling6. Fusion with lysosomes45. newly discovered gene = dengue hemorrhagic46. Cocktail something targets what stage of HIVviron maturation/assembly48. Protein pump- what stage does it helpnormally needed for cells to recycle materials, are used to deliver protons (H+) into the endosomes, lowing the pH and triggering membrane fusion and viral entry)49. SARS how to best help pandmemicquarantine and travel restrictions50. Know what diseases are NOT from Mosquito biteseloby51. Which of these is a newly discovered disease & not discovered in a new place?52. Genoviral is in humanstrue53. HIV, Herpes and HPV are STDs54. Interferons question55. Sweat is barrier 56. Vaccine is learned immunity57. Why is RNA more mutated58. the disadvantage of using primary instead of immortalized cell linesPrimary cells isolated from target tissue/ organ of infection- Primary cells- come directly from humans - They do not grow long so they are short lived in the cell60. What
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