BSC1005 Dinosaur Test Study Guide Here you will find EVERYTHING you need to know to get a hundred on the test Whether you have a book or not I have attended every class I love it and have compiled all of the bold in the book and everything he has told us to remember here in one place Enjoy Chapter 1 Paleontologist someone who studies ancient organisms o Important because for children dinosaurs are their first exposure to the concept Paleobiology the study of ancient life Scrotum Humanum the name of the first bones originally thought to be dragon bones found and this was the first proper name to be given to a dinosaur American Indians mistook the first dinosaur for a very large buffalo People did not think extinction could occur Thomas Jefferson was a fossil fanatic Baron George Cuvier theorized dinosaurs died out a long time ago this was thought up right after the Mosasaurus a 40 foot long sea monster was discovered led people to finally thinking dinosaurs could go extinct Reverend William Buckland credited with describing the first scientifically valid dinosaur named it Megalosaurus big reptile Gideon Mantell found teeth and bones of Iguanodon iguana tooth this was the first described herbivorous dinosaur Sir Richard Owen tried to categorize the dinosaurs Reptiles scaly skinned terrestrialized living on land animals that lay hard shelled eggs He named these organisms Dinosauria fearfully great reptiles Dinosuars have THREE KEY FEATURES o Three or more sacral vertebrae o Hands with three main fingers o Perforate acetabulae Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins made full size concrete models of dinosaurs 2 MAJOR GROUPINGS of dinosaurs o Ornithiscians bird hips pelvic bones shaped like birds o Saurischians lizard hips pelves like lizards Fossil Feud occurred between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Dinker Cope Louis Dollo The first person that we can call a dinosaur paleobiologist he discovered that the nose horn was actually a thumb spike Features Archosaurians o Teeth in sockets o Erect posture o Hinge like ankles Chapter 2 First dinosaurs showed up 238 million years ago called the Age of Dinosaurs 3 Major divisons to Mesozoic Era o Triassic Period The oldest dinosaurs show up midway through o o Cretaceous Period Dinosaurs went extinct at the end of this period Jurassic Period Time of largest dinosaurs 65 54 million years ago Uranium 235 isotope that breaks down into lead 207 Half life the time it takes for half of the original material to break down Climate o Poles cool wet rainy o Arid in equatorial regions Plates in the Triassic Period were adjoined into a supercontinent called Pangea the plates moved apart Plate Tectonics The continental movements are driven by volcanic seafloor spreading in the oceans There were no ice caps at the poles There was more free water and a greater portion of continents were covered by water Gymnosperms dominated the dryer ecosystems Angiosperms flowering plants showed up midway through Cretaceous period Crocodilians Deinosuchus used to be small agile terrestrial predators Dinolesaurs discovered that these crocodilians grew at the same rate as living alligators they just extended the growing phase for 20 extra years The first turtles were fully terrestrial and had teeth Ichtyosaurs dolphins Plesiosaurs Loch Ness monster Mosasaurs sea relatives of living moniter lizard Pterosaurs birds covered with fur o Quetzalcoatalus 36 ft wing span scavenged dead dinosaurs Mammals Appeared the same time as dinosaurs in the Late Triassic Period Initially rat or weasel like mouse to opossum sized and remained throughout the 137 million years of dinosaurs Fossils evidence of ancient life Trace Fossils primary means by which paleontologists learn about dinosaur biology Sedimentary Rocks good place to find dinosaurs o Sedimentary rocks from sediment o o Metamorphic rocks deformed rocks by pressure of the Earth Igneous rocks from volcanoes Dinosaur bones are usually composed of the original calcium phosphates of bones Find dinosaurs in land with little to no vegetation Badlands CANT find dinosaurs in Florida Chapter 3 Earliest dinosaurs were small and got bigger over time o Advancecd Thyreophora Ankylosaurs Stegosaurs Endocasts formed by sediments that filled brain cavity and became solid help us determine brain size Features Ornithischia o Bird shaped hips o A beak Thyreophora o Armor in their skin Referred to as osteoderms Plated Stegosaurs o Plates or spikes along or beside backbone Ankylosauria o Extensive armor over sides of body and neck Chapter 4 Sexual dimorphism considerable size differences between sexes Early Ornithopod group was Heterodontosaurs they could chew We do not know how to tell the sexes for any dinosaur species yet No evidence that dinosaurs have been up in trees Hypsilophodonts had a precise slicing chopping dentition Features Ceropoda o A gap between front and back teeth o 2 Subgroupings include Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Ornithopodians o Front teeth well below cheek teeth Advanced Ornithopod Hadrosaurs o Flared out snout with no front teeth o Criss cross back and tail tendons o Very broad duck like bills o Dental batteries composed of hundreds of tightly adjoining teeth Iguanodonts spike was originally placed on the nose but is really a thumb spike for defense Replaced by Hadrosaurs Hadrosaurs are found in all settings Hadrosaurs we know more about them than any other dinosaur Over Splitting naming more species than really exist Ex hadrosaurs Jack Horner who the man in Jurassic Park was based off of found a site with 10 000 Maiasaura an established their size and age structure Chapter 5 Marginocephalia consists of two sub groups o Pachycephalosauria the bone heads o Ceratopsia horned dinosaurs Pachycephalosauria bowling ball like heads 6 20 ft long o First thought to be a knee cap o Could be up to a foot thick of solid bone o Bipedal dinosaurs o Structure for head on butting Psittacosaurs Parrot lizard five feet long bipedal or Quadrupedal walking on four legs on occasion herbivores o Gastroliths stomach stones to help grind up food o Numerous hollow bristles on tail Protoceratopsids the earliest neoceratopsians new horned dinosaur Protoceratops most famous neoceratopsian o Gregarious herding animals o Sexual Dimorphism Ralph Chapman Andrews Indiana Jones Oviraptor egg robber actually the egg layers They incubated their eggs The Fighting Dinosaurs Protoceratops and a Velociraptor Torosaurus bull lizard largest head of any land animal Pachyrhinosaur
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