BSC 1005 Test 3 Review Book Objectives Be able to compare and contrast blending theory with Mendel s Particulate theory of inheritance o Blending theory the expression in offspring of phenotypic characters as pink flower color from red and white parents intermediate between those of the parents o Particulate theory of inheritance characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through discrete particles genes that retain their ability to be expressed even though they may not appear in every generation Understand the advantage to Mendel using plants rather than animals in early genetic studies o Peas can be pollinated or self pollinated o Pure bred varieties were available o Peas make lots of offspring Know the parts of the flower and how they are involved in reproduction Understand the Principles of Mendelian genetics o Dominance a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it o Recessiveness are those that are expressed or seen only when a homozygous recessive genotype is present o Random segregation a principle stating that during meiosis the two separated partners of a chromosome pair are distributed randomly to the reproductive cells gametes so that each gamete has the same chance of receiving either chromosome o Phenotype is an individual s observable traits o Genotype is an individual s collection of genes Be able to solve mendelian genetics problems understand rules of probability o Listed further down in the review section from class Understand basic terminology o Chromosomes thread like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA o Chromatids Either of the two strands formed when a chromosome duplicates itself as part of the early stages of cell division The chromatids are joined together by a single centromere and later separate to become individual chromosomes o Homologous chromosomes Each carries the same genes in the same order but the alleles for each trait may not be the same o Diploid containing two complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent o Haploid when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes o Gamete a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote o Zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes Know essentials of meiosis and mitosis How meiosis supports Mendel s principle of random segregation o As chromosomes separate into different gametes during meiosis the two different alleles for a particular gene also segregate so that each gamete acquires one of the two alleles Be able to furnish examples of o Partial dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes Example red and white plant produce pink plant o Polygenetic inheritance quantitative occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes Example height o Sex linked traits A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent Example red green colorblindness o Chromosomal abnormalities a missing extra or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA Example Down Syndrome Understand the mechanism of sex determination o Male XY o Female XX Understand the scientific structures of DNA production replication etc o Listed in the review section from class Inherited Human Disorders o Autosomal Recessive Albinism little to no melanin production Cystic fibrosis causes the production of abnormally thick mucus leading to the blockage of lungs Sickle cell anemia causes blood cells to become misshapen and break down o Autosomal dominant Achrondroplastic dwarfism bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism Polydactyly condition in which a person or animal has more than five fingers or toes on one or on each hand or foot o Partially Dominant Codominant Family hypercholesterolemia results in high levels of total cholesterol and LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol A and B blood types Bloor type A AA or AO Blood type B ABO Blood types A AA or AO Anti B B BB or BO Anti A AB AB Anti none and O ii Anti A and B BB or BO o Multiple alleles o Polygenic inheritance Height Weight Skin color o X linked Recessive Colorblindness Hemophilia blood doesn t clot normally Muscular dystrophy group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass o Chromosome abnormalities Turner syndrome X only chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosome Klinefelter XXY genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome Down Syndrome three copies of chromosome 21 genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays Look over the assignment it is similar to test questions Review Session from Class Being able to roll your tongue is dominant over not being able to A man who can roll his tongue marries a woman who cant and have a son who can What the genotype o Mom Homozygous recessive Dad Heterozygous Child Homozygous recessive Two normal people marry and have a child that has cystic fibrosis What are the genotypes of the parents Should be able to identify that Cystic Fibrosis is recessive and mostly lethal o Mom Heterozygous Dad Heterozygous Child Homozygous recessive Continuation of last question What is the chance the second son will have cystic fibrosis o this is because first child is already born past event means you don t multiple it into the equation If two hetero parents plan to have two kids future chance that they will have recessive gene o 1 16 this is because they are both in the future events You multiple chance of each occurring alone to find the chance of occurrence together A Man with B blood type marries a Woman with B blood type They have a child with AB blood type Is divorce justified from the standpoint of genetics o Yes the only possible make up of B blood are either BB or BO If both parents are B the A in the sons AB blood type had to have come from an outside source the mom cheated the child is not his kid There will be questions such as which of the following can be formed by Meiosis Shows beginning cell and then cells throughout the process and have to pick which is correct This can be same with Mitosis Pedigree problem Asking about autosomal dominant autosomal recessive and Sex linked
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