BSC 1005 Plants and People CHAPTER 1 Plants are living organisms o Largest flower 1m o Longest living 5 000 years o Tallest 100m C02 H20 sugars 02 Photosynthesis What is a plant o Characteristics Plants are green mode of nutrition Plants don t move rigid cell walls cellular structure Plants have flowers mode of reproduction o Carl Linnaeus classification systems founder Binomial system Classification of plants based on reproductive system o Plant name 2 words genus species o Species group of organisms that can interbreed produce fertile offspring o Order of classification system Kingdom King Phylum plays Class chess Order on Family fine Genus glass Species stools o Plant timeline Algae moss ferns pines flowering plants o First organisms were bacteria 3 5 billion years ago Chapter 2 meet needs Cell Theory Corn alcohol saves 15 C02 requires 50 of all current land to meet needs Algae biodiesel saves 280 requires only 1 2 of all current land to o All organisms are composed of life o The cell is the basic unit of life o All cells arise from pre existing cells Scientific Theory o A well confirmed broad explanation of a natural phenomenon based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation o A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon that can be verified Scientific Hypothesis by scientific experimentation Plants have cell walls chloroplasts o Cell walls provides support rigidity and holds cells together o Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis o Light C02 H20 02 sugars o Chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts is what activates photosynthesis During photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of water transpiration o Xylem moves water from roots to leaves o Phloem moves sugars from leaves to roots o Plants surface must be wet in order to absorb c02 which is why transpiration occurs But this can cause wilting reduced growth and death Guard cells and stomates o Guard cells in the leaf surface create pores stomates o Pores open close based on amount of water present Plant cell walls are composed of long chains of sugars particularly cellulose o Wood is 60 cellulose Photosynthesis C02 H20 light sugars 02 Respiration sugars 02 CO2 H20 energy Uses of Corn o Animal feed 41 6 o Gas 32 8 o Very little is eaten 2005 government mandated that gas for cars must be mixed w ethanol o Almost 100 of ethanol comes from corn o Increases food prices beef up 65 pork up 55 o Corn price has also tripled since 2005 Chapter 3 How plants are put together Shoot part above ground o Stem o Branches o Leaves Roots part below ground Petiole attaches leaf to stem Lateral buds dormant shoot tip forms branch Plants grow by producing new cells at the tips of the shoot and root Then the cells increase in size Removing the shoot tip causes the lateral buds to grow out making the plant bushy Plants can be multiplied by making cuttings of branches and rooting them in water Most plants that live more than one year perennials grow in width as well in length Cell divisions in the body of the stem and root increase thickness Reproduction Flowers Seeds and Fruits When flowering starts the shoot tip makes a flower instead of leaves Know basic flower parts o Pistil stigma etc Female o Stamen etc Male Most flowers are hermaphroditic both male female structures Ovary contains one or more ovules each ovule has one egg o Ovule becomes seed egg inside becomes an embryo plant o Ovary becomes fruit Each pollen grain contains 2 sperm cells When a pollen grain lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows out germination Sperm cells flow down the tube The pollen tube delivers the sperm to the egg pollination Fertilization sperm egg embryo o Ovules release chemicals like pheromones to guide pollen tube into ovules A developing seed contains an embryo aka a young plant o Cotyledons storage leaves o Endosperms food for young plants In some plants the endosperm is digested as the seed develops and is replaced by cotyledons o A corn kernel is mostly endosperm Each kernel is a FRUIT o After fertilization the ovary becomes a fruit Chapter 4 Pollination and Seed Dispersal 30 of bees disappear in winter 35 of crop production depends on insect pollination 15 billion industry Flowers and Pollination o Purpose of flower is to bring male and female reproducers together o Wind pollution 15 No petals Large stigmas Lots of pollen o Corn is wind pollinated as are most grasses such as wheat and rice Pollination by animals o Flowers provides attractants and rewards Rewards nectar and pollen Attractants flower shape colors scents o Bee pollinators Blue yellow flowers scented w nectar o Bees and Butterflies are generalists visiting many kinds of flowers o Fly pollinated tend to look and smell like rotting flesh o Bird pollinators typically are red w lots of nectar and no scent Birds have poor sense of smell o Bat pollinated flowers make lots of nectar open at night have strong fruity or musty odors and dull colors Self pollination vs Cross Pollination o Many plants self pollinate Offspring genetically uniform no evolution o The function of the fruit is seed dispersal Ovule becomes seed Ovary becomes fruit o Like flowers fruits use many different ways to disperse seeds Wind water animals and more Fruits vs Vegetables technically all fruits o Fruits may be fleshy tomato o Fruits may be dry nuts acorns etc Chapter 5 The Algae and Evolution of Land Plants o Simple photosynthetic aquatic organisms o Some unicellular some multicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Brown Algae Red Algae Green Algae Plankton microorganisms that live suspended in water Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton In the oceans Diatoms and Dinoflagellates are the main components of the phytoplankton Phytoplankton are the base of the food chain 30 of o2 production Phytoplankton abundance red tides not all red tides are red o Red tides are due to blooms of Dinoflagellates some produce neurotoxins killing fish and paralytic shellfish poisoning people Phytoplankton living in association with corals Red Brown Algae seaweeds kelp multicellular algae in oceans o Nori sushi wrappers is a common example of our use of algae in food Brown Red algae are harvested for their cell wall materials used widely Because Algae are plants they must be photosynthetic o FALSE Green Algae o 17 000 species o Mostly fresh water some salt water too o Led to first land plants o Liverworts flats photosynthetic tissue no leaves roots stems Mosses o 10 000 species o Important colonizing
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