Human Reproduction Study Guide1. When does human development begin?2. What is a genome?3. Does fertilization create a completely new genotype? True/False4. Where is the DNA packaged?5. What is the nucleus of a gamete called?6. What is the difference between haploid and diploid?7. After fertilization, what is it called when cell divisions form a 100 cell embryo?8. What is the process of early cell divisions called?9. Describe how the blastocoel is created?10. What does ICM stand for? And what surrounds the ICM?11. Do the trophoblast cells form the placenta? Yes/No12. What is the difference between embryonic tissue and extra embryonic tissue?13. What happens during implantation?14. What is the relation between the chorion and the placenta?15. What are the functions of the zona pellucida?16. What are the causes of a tubal pregnancy?17. How is the amniotic cavity created?18. What is the period from implantation to birth called?19. Describe differentiation? And what are the three major purposes in mammals?20. What are units of information from DNA called?21. What is the difference between gene repression and gene expression?22. What are the three germ layers?23. What are germ cells?24. What are the four types of tissue in the body? 25. Describe what happens during morphongenesis?26. At what stage does differentiation of the embryo begin?27. Do the cells in the embryo have the potential to become any cell type in the body? Yes/No28. Does gastrulation mark the start of cell-cell communication and morphogenesis? Yes/No29. Identical twins can form after gastrulation begins? True/False30. Differentiate Fraternal and identical twins.31. When does organogenesis occur and what process does it begin with?32. What does embryogenesis encompass?33. When is the embryo referred to as the fetus?34. What are autosomal chromosomes?35. Differentiate primary and secondary sex characteristics.36. When is it believed that the fetus can feel pain?37. What is gametogenesis? 38. Name four parts of the sperm, and four parts of the egg.39. List the five events that fertilization can be divided into.40. Describe the IVF process.41. What is a prenatal diagnosis?42. What is the easiest genetic trait to select?43. What is the goal of regenerative medicine?44. What makes stem cells special?45. Differentiate ESCs and iPSC?46. How are ESCs derived?47. How can immunological tissue rejection be solved?48. What are onconogens?49. What is a multi-germ layer teratoma?50. What is the Dicky-Wicker amendment?51. Do all cells in your body have the same DNA? True/False52. Can eggs be tricked into thinking they have been fertilized? Yes/No53. What does totipotent mean?54. What are the four steps of the cloning process?55. What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?56. Describe somatic cell gene therapy.57. Can engineered traits be passed down to subsequent generations? Yes/No58. What is the purpose of germline gene therapy?59. What is a transgenic animal?60. What are chimeric embryos?Human Reproduction Study Guide Answers1. It begins with fertilization2. A combination of all DNA in each cell of an individual3. Yes4. In the nucleus5. A pronucleus6. A haploid means one of each chromosome and diploid means two of each chromosome.7. It is called a blastocyst8. The process is called cleavage.9. Outside cells pump water into the embryo, which makes the embryo swell and create a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel.10. ICM stands for inner cell mass. Trophoblast cells surround the ICM11. Yes12. Embryonic tissue consists of cells in the ICM, while extra embryonic tissue consists of cells in the trophoblast.13. The blastocyst attaches to the mothers uterus.14. The chorion intermingles with tissues that form the placenta.15. It helps prevent more than one sperm entering an egg.16. When the embryo implants itself before it gets to the uterus.17. The expansion of ICM creates the amniotic cavity18. Gestation19. A process by which a fertilized zygote makes different types of cells20. Genes21. Gene repression is when a gene is not used and when a gene is used it is called gene expression.22. Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm23. Cells that will make the sperm and egg24. The three germ layers and the germ cells25. The formation of 3 dimensional structures that make up organs.26. Gastrulation 27. Yes28. Yes29. False30. Fraternal twins are a result of more than one egg in a single ovulation and Identical twins are the result of one embryo that splits before implantation.31. After gastrulation32. Cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis33. After the first 6-8 weeks following conception34. The non-sex chromosomes35. The gonads are the primary sex characteristics and everything else are the secondary sex characteristics. For example, muscle mass and voice tone would be secondary sex characteristics.36. When brain waves become present37. The formation of either sperm or eggs38. Sperm-acrosome, nucleus, centriole and mitochondria. Egg- Cumulus, zona pellucida, membrane, and cortical granules.39. Localization, penetration, prevention of polyspermy, fusion of genetic material and initiating development.40. First artificial hormones stimulate the hormones that induce ovulation, second the eggs are collected by aspiration, third the sperm are collected andplaced in a petri dish with the eggs, fourth the best looking embryos are injected into the uterus41. It is the determination of the genetic constitution of a child before birth.42. The sex of the child43. To regenerate damaged or diseased tissue44. They are the immortal life blood of a tissue.45. ESC-come from the blastula human embryo. iPSC- come from skin and blood cells that have been introduced by specific genes that induce pluripotency.46. They are derived from leftover embryos of an IVF47. By making ESCs from the patient itself.48. Cancer causing genes49. A tumor containing tissue from all three germ layers50. It says that no federal funds can be used to derive ESCs51. True52. Yes, it is called parthenogenetic activation53. It means that it has the potential to become an entire animal54. First remove the nucleus from an egg, but leaved the egg intact, second remove the nucleues from a differentiated cell preserving the nucleus, third inject the nucleus from the differentiated cell into the enucleated egg, and fourth fool the egg into thinking its been fertilized by parthenogenetic activation.55. Reproductive cloning- making a complete human copy,
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