BSC1005 Exam 1 Study Guide Ch 1 Plants have certain characteristics They are green due to photosynthesis which is how they make food They do not move on their own due to their rigid Cell Walls They have flowers which is how they reproduce All life is organized into 7 categories with each category for specific as the list goes down with Kingdom the broadest and Species the most specific The categories are Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Plant Animal Fungi Protists Bacteria The 5 Kingdoms are The first life form was bacteria about 3 5 billion years ago This was followed by Photosynthesis beginning about 3 billion years ago Other Kingdoms separating from bacteria about 2 billion years ago Animals and Fungi separating about 1 billion years ago Green plants separating about 1 billion years ago Ch 2 Oil is the most used energy followed by coal and gas Renewable energy makes up 7 53 of that is biomass Biodiesel from algae produces far less emission needs less space to grow than alcohol corn 3 main parts of animal cell cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm Plant cell has the same components as animal cells but also has chloroplast carry out photosynthesis and cell wall cell structure holds cells together During Photosynthesis Xylem moves water from roots to leaves Phloem sugar from leaves to roots Guard cells plants will open for more CO2 intake but allows water loss so they close when water is minimal Cell walls are made of sugars mainly Cellulose wood is 60 cellulose Photosynthesis process CO2 H2O light O2 sugar Respiration process Sugars O2 CO2 H2O energy Nearly all ethanol is from corn Ch 3 Parts of plant Root tips stem leaves lateral buds dormant shoot tips petiole leaf stems shoot tip top of stem shoot tip controls most cell growth Plants grow cells at root and shoot tips Plants older than one year will thicken due to cell division Parts of flower Pistil Ovary Style Stigma Stamen Anther Filament Petal Ovule becomes seed Sepal The Ovule contains an egg After fertilization Ovule becomes seed Egg becomes embryo young plant and Ovary becomes fruit Anther contains pollen each pollen spec has 2 sperm cells Pollen lands on stigma pollen tubes grows into stigma and delivers sperm pollination Fertilization is sperm egg merging to from embryo Seed Seed Coat Embryo Endosperm food for embryo Cotyledons storage leaves Some plants beans replace endosperm with cotyledons as seed develops After fertilization ovary becomes fruit Ch 4 Flowers bring together plant reproductive cells Wind pollination involves far more pollen and larger stigma Most grasses are wind pollinated Sometimes pollinated by animals bees ants etc Bugs attracted by shape and color attractants give pollen and receive nectar reward Bees and butterflies are generalists pollinate many plants Many bugs are specific to certain plants Butterfly moth plants grow long nectar horns Fly plants look smell like rotting flesh Bird plants produce much nectar are odorless birds can t smell Bat plants have much nectar strong smells and dull colors Self Pollination creates same plant over Cross Pollination mixes genetics better for environment adaptability Following fertilization Ovule becomes seed ovary wall becomes fruit and fruit s main role is to disperse seed Fruits are diverse and disperse seeds in different ways Fleshy fruits are meant to be eaten and the seeds dispersed through fecal matter Dry fruit seeds are dispersed through wind or animals Milkweed fruits dry split and disperse seeds into wind Mistletoe plants ejects seeds out with force Seeds are dispersed in a multitude of ways such as clinging to animals through winds or water through animal pollination etc Ch 5 Algae photosynthetic aquatic organisms Plankton term for tiny microorganisms which live suspended in water Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton serve as base of ocean s food chain and create 30 of oxygen in atmosphere Red Tides toxic blooms of phytoplankton can be very toxic to sea and land life Red Brown Algae multicellular photosynthetic organisms which live in ocean Despite being photosynthetic it is classified as a protest Kingdom Protista Is often harvested for many uses Cell Wall material sushi beer cosmetics etc Green Algae father of all land plants Kingdom Plantae over 17 000 species of green algae exist developed about 500 million years ago Moss original land plants about 10 000 species exist contain no leafs stem xylem or phloem fertilize and reproduce by themselves Over millions of years plants began to develop stems leaves and roots When Fern began to develop so did seeds and pollen Flowers and fruit did not develop for several million years after this Oil and natural gas are from ancient deposits of algae in shallow waters Coal is from ancient fern deposits Ch 6 Gymnosperms cone bearing plants i e trees First to develop ovules seeds and pollen but not fruits or flowers Seeds are meant to protect and feed the embryo Pollen is meant to deliver the sperm to the egg cone bearing plants use wind pollination Unlike moss or ferns the spores in cone bearing plants are always kept inside the ovule The spore will eventually become an egg and once fertilized the ovule will become a seed containing an embryo Conifers are the most common cone bearing plants today most trees your see are conifers cellulose Conifers especially pines are one of the most economically important plants due to the amount of timber wood they produce Paper accounts for 50 of wood used today It is made from compressed Cycads and Ginkos are another type of con bearing plant Although rare today they were the dominant plant in the dinosaur ages Angiosperms Flowering plants developed millions of years after gymnosperms These have an ovary which develops around the seed Ch 7 Crops are invaluable to our daily lives Corn wheat rice and potatoes account for about 80 of our diets with corn wheat and rice being grasses cereals The part of these which we eat is the seed where the germ is the embryo the bran is the seed coat and everything else is endosperm In the food making process white flour is made by removing the germ and bran which eliminates most of the proteins vitamins and leaves mostly carbohydrates Whole wheat flour uses all of the seed which is why it is healthier Cereals provide sufficient yet very limited amounts of protein for daily living Other plants such as nuts and beans provide far more and more quality protein Crop harvesting began around 10 000 years ago once the last Ice Age
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