BSC1005 Study Guide for Dr. Erickson’s Exam 4- Paleontologist: Someone who studies “ancient organisms”- Paleobiology: The study of ancient life.- First written dinosaur accounts were from China.- Scrotum Humanum: KNOW PICTURE, first proper scientific name given to dinosaur, was actually the thigh bone.- Cuvier: Credited for considering animals can and have gone extinct.- Megalosaurus: First named dinosaur.- Iguanodon: First named plant herbivorous dinosaur.- Early renditions were reptile-like.- Richard Owen: First to coin the name dinosauria = “Fearfully great reptiles”- Dinosaurs are closely related to crocodiles and pterosaurs.- What makes a dinosaur a dinosaur (features):o Three or more sacral vertebrae.o Hands with three main fingers.o Perforate Acetabulae- Hip bones distinguish between two types of dinosaurs:o Ornithischians: Bird Hipso Saurischians: Lizard Hips- Deinonychus: Started the Dinosaur Renaissance- Robert Bakker: Greatly expanded the Deionychus and interest of dinosaur research soared.- Age of Dinosaurs: 238-65.5 million years ago.- Find dinosaur remains MOST LIKELY in sedimentary rocks.- Find dinosaur remains SOMETIMES in igneous rocks.- Find dinosaur remains LEAST LIKELY in metamorphic rocks.- Isotope: Used to determine age of fossils.o Best Isotope: Uranium 235 comes from ashes from lava turns into lead, which leads to dating.- Climate was much warmer: Florida was like a desert. Poles were cool, wet, and rainy.- Continents were together in Triassic Period (Pangea), later separated (Plate Tectonics).- Who lived with the Dinosaurs?o Crocodiles/Turtles lived with the dinosaurs KNOW PICTURE: If it looks like a crocodile head it is. FSU found Crocodile’s bite is 3700 pounds of bite force.o Sea Monsters also lived with the dinosaurs ie: Loch Ness Monster a Plesiosaur, not a Dino.o Rats and opossums lived with dinosaurs.- Trace Fossils: Tracks, eggs, skin impressions. Primary means by which paleontologists learn about dinosaur biology. Because Trace Fossils we know dinosaurs did not drag their tails.- “Badlands” are the best place to find fossils.- Ornithischians: Bird-shaped hip bones, beaks to eat plants. (Left-side of Cladogram)- All early Dinosaurs are small.- Thyreophora: Shield bearer- Endocast: Sediments filled brain cavity, lets us know the size of dinosaur brain.- Field started in GEOLOGY = crazy stories, now Biologist are in the field.- Cepapodans: Gap between the front and back teeth.- Heterodontosaurs: Dog-like teeth.- We do not know the sex of dinosaurs.o But we do know there are size differences: Sexual Dimorphism.o We also do not know the color of dinosaurs- Dinosaurs are land animals.- Battery: Interlocked teetho Enamel on one side, hard tissue on other = self-sharpener.- Hadrosaurs: (Duck Bills) actually land animals even though they were thought to be able to live under water.o Had a snorkel but didn’t have a hole.- Marginocephalia: Rim of bone on skull to shield necko Pachycephalosaurid: Used front and side of skull- Ceratopsians: Beak-shaped like parrot- Protoceratops: Found with nests filled with eggs.o Oviraptors: Also found around the Protoceratops eggs and were thought to be stealing the eggs and eating them, however, they were eating their OWN eggs. KNOW PICTURE: Hard to tell what the picture depicts (only of skull).- Pachyrhinosaur: Theory that they had the largest horn.- Saurischians: Pubis points inward like lizard hips, long neck.- Sauropod: “Earth Shakers” nostril/trunk on top of head.o Diplodocid: “Supersaurus” 140 feet long, won’t fit in Ruby Diamond, would be by owls. Brontosaurus: Actually first named Apatosaurus.- Soroposeidon: Tallest dinosaur: 56 feet tall.- Theropod: Air filled bones, carnivorous teeth.- Ceratosaurs: “Spitters” from Jurassic Park; first to have thought to eaten lizards, but they were crocodiles.- Ornithomimosaurs: Ostrich body; fastest dinosaurs.- Segnosaurs: Ate plants; scissor hands.- Deinonychosaurs: Had cat claws (retractable) and 2 toes.- Trodotontids: Smartest, huge brains.- Encephalization quotients: Measure to brain size relative to body mass.- T-Rex: Picture should have 2 fingers with tail UP! Couldn’t run, only walked fast.- Picture that looks like testicles in the head are used for SMELL- Dinosaurs grew faster than reptiles, like marsupials.- 3 Theories to death of dinosaurs:o Vulcanisms: Volcanoes.o Draining of the sea.o *Asteroid hitting Gulf of Mexico Doesn’t explain why some things survived 40-80% of all life died not just dinosaurs.- Archaopteryx: “Ancient Wing” First bird.- Birds are actually Theropods- Dinosaurs had feathers and some had wings.- Smallest dinosaur was 7 oz.Dinosaurs- Megalosaurus: First named dinosaur.- Iguanodon: First named plant herbivorous dinosaur.- Deinonychus: Started the Dinosaur Renaissance- Ornithischians: Bird-shaped hip bones, beaks to eat plants. (Left-side of Cladogram)- Thyreophora: Shield bearer- Cepapodans: Gap between the front and back teeth.- Heterodontosaurs: Dog-like teeth.- Hadrosaurs: (Duck Bills) actually land animals even though they were thought to be able to live under water.o Had a snorkel but didn’t have a hole.- Marginocephalia: Rim of bone on skull to shield necko Pachycephalosaurid: Used front and side of skull- Ceratopsians: Beak-shaped like parrot- Protoceratops: Found with nests filled with eggs.o Oviraptors: Also found around the Protoceratops eggs and were thought to be stealing the eggs and eating them, however, they were eating their OWN eggs. KNOW PICTURE: Hard to tell what the picture depicts (only of skull).- Pachyrhinosaur: Theory that they had the largest horn.- Saurischians: Pubis points inward like lizard hips, long neck.- Sauropod: “Earth Shakers” nostril/trunk on top of head.o Diplodocid: “Supersaurus” 140 feet long, won’t fit in Ruby Diamond, would be by owls. Brontosaurus: Actually first named Apatosaurus.- Soroposeidon: Tallest dinosaur: 56 feet tall.- Theropod: Air filled bones, carnivorous teeth.- Ceratosaurs: “Spitters” from Jurassic Park; first to have thought to eaten lizards, but they were crocodiles.- Ornithomimosaurs: Ostrich body; fastest dinosaurs.- Segnosaurs: Ate plants; scissor hands.- Deinonychosaurs: Had cat claws (retractable) and 2 toes.- Trodotontids: Smartest, huge brains.- T-Rex: Picture should have 2 fingers with tail UP! Couldn’t run, only walked fast.- Archaopteryx: “Ancient Wing” First bird.*Look over the Cladogram;
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