Plants and People Make sure you know the objectives at the beginning of every chapter Chapter 1 Introduction The place of plants in the tree of life The five kingdoms Bacteria Animals Fungi Protists and Plants The characteristics of plants o Method of nutrition photosynthesis o Structure cell wall o Method of reproduction spores The big events in the evolution of organisms o IClicker Q life appeared on earth about 3 5 billion years o 3 billion years bacteria evolved photosynthesis o 1 5 billion years multicellular organisms evolved from bacteria o 1 billion years plants fungi and animals evolved o 450 million years first organisms colonized dry land Chapter 2 The Special Features of Plant Cells The features of plant cells and how plants function physically A source of energy that is environmentally friendly and virtually infinite is the sun existing cells Cell Theory all organisms are composed of cells and all cells arise from pre Chloroplast site of photosynthesis Cell walls provides rigidity and shape for the cell Photosynthesis CO2 H20 Sugar Oxygen Respiration Sugars Oxygen CO2 H2O Energy Carbon cycle recycling of carbon through the biosphere Xylem moves water from roots to leaves Phloem moves sugars from leaves to foots Transpiration during photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of water Guard cells surround the stoma and help regulate the rate of transpiration though opening and closing of the stomata Stomates pores on the leaves of plants that help regulate water Cellulose most abundant organic compound Chapter 3 How Plants are Put Together Parts of a plant Basic parts roots stems leaves lateral buds dormant shoot tip Present at the base of each leaf Parts of a flower Plant reproduction o Pollination the transfer of pollen to stigma o Fertilization the fusion of sperm and egg to make the next plant generation Seeds and fruits ovule becomes the seed the ovary wall becomes the fruit Chapter 4 Pollination and Seed Dispersal Flowers are adapted for pollination Wind pollination natural wild pollination Pollination by o Bees attracted by blue and yellow colors and sweet odors o Birds o Flies reddish browns flowers that release the odor of rotting meat o Bats and nocturnal moths pollinate flowers that are open at night white or dull colored and have heavy musty or fruity odors Cross pollination versus self pollination The fruit is an adaptation for seed dispersal o Flesh fruits are adapted to be eaten by animals seeds and all o Dry fruits split open explosively and shoot their seeds out IClicker Q plants with flowers that are white in color open at night and have strong heavy odors are likely to be pollinated by Bats Chapter 5 The Algae and Evolution of Land Plants Phytoplankton o Diatoms and Dinoflagellates responsible for red tides o Base of the food chain the open ocean o Produce 30 of the oxygen in the earth s atmosphere Multicellular marine algae o Red algae and brown algae harvested for cell wall components Economically important o Green algae can live in the ocean fresh water Part of the good chain Evolutionary because plants on land came from green algae Mosses the earliest land plants evolve around 450 mya No roots or xylem or phloem but have internal fertilization Ferns and relatives appear 350 mya Have roots and xylem and phloem Alternation of generations method of reproduction used by all land Coal and Oil come from the remains of piled up plants that are compressed plants and fossilized over time Chapter 6 Cone Bearing Plants Cone bearing plants o Form their pollen and seeds in cones o Reproduce by alternation of generations o Do not release their spores pollinated by wind o Reproductive advances have pollen ovules and seeds but not flowers or fruits Conifers dominant land plants grow well in all climates abundance makes them important to the environment o Lumber and paper production Flower plants evolve 150 mya and have flowers and fruits Chapter 7 Crop Domestication The origins of crop plants Our most important crops wheat rice corn and potato Cereal grains wheat rice corn the parts of the seeds and the nutrients they contain bran outer layer Starch germ embryo endosperm storage material o Bran and germ contain most of the protein and vitamins o Endosperm is high in calories from carbohydrates Whole wheat uses the full kernel White Flour strips away the bran and germ and just uses the endosperm Potatoes do not contain enough protein to sustain life by itself Proteins are built of smaller molecules called amino acids Crop domestications begin 8 10 thousand years ago in Mesoamerica the Andes middle east and china Major crops origin o Middle East wheat barley and lentils o China millet and rice o New Guinea yams o Andes cassava and potato o Central America corn and squash Crop domestication o Unintentional beginnings o Began inland sites o Began in parts of the world where periodic droughts led to food insecurity o Involves the loss of the normal seed dispersal mechanism a decrease in the thickness of the seed coat and an increase in seed size Chapter 8 Agriculture and Population Growth Early innovations irrigation plowing and crop rotation o Irrigation and plowing are ancient practices of agriculture that were industrialized and mechanized Crop Rotation plant 1 year leave unplanted the next graze the next o Allows soil to recover Major nutrients needed for plant growth nitrates and phosphates Nitrogen Cycle o Bacteria convert N2 gas into nitrates plants use nitrates to make proteins animals get nitrogen by eating plants Nitrogen for fertilizer is synthesized chemically phosphates are mined Modern agriculture to help sustain the growing population CURRENT AGRICULTURE IS NOT SUSTAINABLE LONG TERM o Crop breeding o Mechanization made all aspects of crop production easier and more efficient o Synthetic fertilizer removed the necessity for crop rotation Problems runoff fertilizer washes into streams lakes and rivers causing overgrowth of algae bacteria growth using up oxygen killing off fish etc Genetic modification GMO of crop plants resistance to insects and herbicides o Corn soybeans and cotton Chapter 9 Drugs Spices and Poisons Plants are chemical factories and produce a vast variety of molecules that affect the physiology of animals o These compounds are called secondary compounds mostly used for defense o Plants produce toxins and poisons o Exp aspirin was developed from the plant phenolic compound salicylic acid Herbal medicines body o In favor of Gentler than
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