PlantsProduce vitamins, caffeine, morphine, vanillinBiochemical factoriesPhotosynthesis creates the food we eat and the oxygen we breathCarbon dioxide + water > Sugars + oxygenWhy study plants?To help conserve endangered plants and threatened environmentsLearn more about the natural worldBetter harness their abilitiesRwanda – Ethnic Genocide 94-96500,000 Tutsi were murdered 1 million fledmost densely populated nations in world tripled 1960-2010World growthWorld pop. Is expected to triple between 1950 to 2020Increase production to 70% over next 40 yearsWhat is a plant?What are the characteristics of plants?Chlorophyll – plants are greenStructure – Don’t move, have rigid cell wallsFlowers – mode of ReproductionFungi – Sacrophilic? –take food from otherCarl Linnaeus18th century Swedish Doctor and Naturalistlaid the foundation for current biological classification systemBinomial systemClassification of plants based on reproductive structurePolynomial Vs. BinomialGenus, SpeciesKingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesKingdomsPlantAnimalFungiProtistaBacteriaOrganisms are classified based on their evolutionary (genetic) relatednessLife began 3.5 BYAFirst organisms were bacterial3 BYA Photosynthesisbacteria separated from other groups 2 BYAAnimals and Fungi separate 1 BYAThe Green Plant KingdomGreen Algae – 450 MYAMosses – 425 MYATransport Tissues – 400 MYAFern Allies – 380 MYALeaves – 375 MYAFerns – 360 MYASeeds and Pollen – 350 MYAGymnosperms – 325 MYAFlowers and Fruit – 150 MYAWhat is our energy future?Oil(petroleum), Coal, Gas-burning fossil fuels is raising the earths temperature due to CO2 EmissionsWorld energy demand is increasing.RenewableSolar – 1%Hydroelectric -36%Geothermal – 5%Biomass -WindGrowing algae for oil extractionCurrently $8 a gallonBiodiesel ProductCorn – alcohol – ethanol – over 100% of lands neededAnimal CellsCell membrane -Lipid membraneNucleus – Cells brainCytoplasm – Jelly-like substance that houses organellesPlants Cells – have same as animals plus moreCell wall -Rigid layer outside of cell membrane giving structureChloroplast – where photosynthesis occursNo chloroplasts in rootsChloroplastsAbsorb lightJoins water and carbon dioxide to form sugars are used for growth and energyTranspirationDuring photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of waterXylemPipes which allow water to pass from roots to leaves through stemPhloemMoves sugars from leaves to rootsWater loss from transpiration causes wilting reduces growth and can cause deathGuard Cells and Stomata’sGuard cells in the leaf surface creates pores(stomata) that allow CO2 uptake but also water lossPlant Cell walls are composed of long chains of sugars particularly celluloseEach is made up of Glucose moleculesStrong as steel at that sizeOther glucose holds the chains together like glueWood is 60% CelluloseCarbon CycleCarbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters plants through photosynthesis, then animals eat the plantsPhotosynthesis CO2+H2O >Light> Sugars +O2animals respiration Sugars +O2 > CO2 +H2O + EnergyCORN CropMostly used to grow pigs, cows and chickenFollowing this is making gasohol2005 federal announced gas must be mixed with ethanolAlmost 100% of ethanol comes from cornPrice of beef and pork went up around 55% to 65%How Plants are put together?Shoot – more complex of the twoStem – upright portionLeaves – coming off of stemsPetiole – leafs stemShoot tipLateral bud – dormant shoot tipsCell division occurs at shoot tip and then the cells increase in sizeRoots*Plants grow at tips through cell multiplication. Causing roots to grow out and stem to grow upBotanyRemoving the shoot tip causes the lateral buds to grow out , makes the plant bushyIf you cut the stem off and place it in water new roots will grow“Plumbing”Epidurmas – protective surface on outsideVascular tissue (Xylem and phloem)PerennialsPlants that live more than one year grow in width as well as in lengthThe cells between the xylem and the phoelm divide and cause the width to increaseTwo directions of growth!AnnualsPlants that grow one yearTree grows around fence post…Post stays where it is and width grows around it. Grows upwards at top.Reproduction! – Flowers, seeds, and fruitsWhen flowering starts the shoot tip makes a flower instead of leaves and lateral budsFlowersMost flowers are hermaphroditicHave both male and female structuresOvule- contains an eggAfter Fertilization the Ovule becomes the SEEDThe EGG becomes an embryo – a young plant.AntherContains sacs where the POLLEN formEach pollen grain contains two sperm cellsA third cells directs growth of the pollenWhen a pollen grain lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows outThe pollen tube delivers the sperm to the eggPollinationDelivery of pollen to the stigmaPollen tube curves towards the ovuleBy smell from chemical substancesPollen tube penetrates the ovule to get to eggFERTILIZATIONSperm + egg = embryoEmbryoA developing seed, contains an embryo, a young plantCotyledonsStorage leavesEndospermFood for the young plantSeed coatSome plants the endosperm is digested as the seed develops and is replaced by the cotyledonsThe nutrition we get from a bean seed comes from the cotyledonCorn seed(A kernel) is mostly endospermAfter fertilization the ovary becomes the fruitPollinationThe purpose of flowers is to bring the male and female reproductive cells togetherWind PollinationOak treeNo petalsLarge stigmasLots of pollenCorn (most grasses and wheat)Female flower = ears of corn with silk(stigma)Animal PollinationFlowers provide attractants and rewardsRewards: nectar and pollenAttractants: flowers shape, color, scentBee PollinationBee flowers have a landing platform, blue or yellow colors, scented, and nectar as reward.Fox gloves- nectar guides, bees learn to recognize colors, odors, and outlinesBees and butterflies are generalists, visiting many kindsSome flowers pollinated butterflies and moths have long nectar horns.Fly pollinating flowers often look and smell like rotting fleshBird-pollinated flowers produce lots of nectar and are red and odorless(birds have poor sense of smell)Bat pollinated flowers make lots of nectar, open at night, have strong fruity or musty odors and dull colorsWasp pollination of orchids looking like a female(pseudocopulation)Self pollination vs. cross pollinationMany plants self pollinate much of the time, offspring a genetically uniform.Cross pollination creates genetic variability
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