Lecture 1 What are the characteristics of green plants Plants are green Use photosynthesis to acquire their food Plants don t move They have rigid cell walls Plants use flowers as their mode of reproduction Know that organisms are named using the binomial system genus species Know that organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relatedness A kingdom is the highest most all inclusive grouping of life Five kingdoms of life 1 Plant 2 Animal 3 Fungi 4 Protists 5 Bacteria Bacteria were the first organisms to evolve Life begins 3 5 bya 1 2 Photosynthesis 3 bya 3 Bacteria separated from other groups 2 bya 4 Animals and fungi separate 1 bya 5 Green plants separate from others 1 bya Animals are more closely related to Fungi than there are to plants Lecture 2 All living things are composed of cells which are the basic unit of life Each and every cell if surrounded by a cell membrane and contains a nucleus and cytoplasm All plant cells have the components found in animal cells but in addition they have a cell wall on the outside of the membrane and in the cytoplasm they have chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place The cell wall provides support rigidity and hold neighboring cells together Photosynthesis CO2 H2O Light Sugars O Photosynthesis makes life possible It brings carbon into a form where it can be used to make the molecules of our bodies and converting sunlight into an energy form that organisms can use Carbon cycle Woods and fossil fuels are burned Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Used in photosynthesis Animals eat plants Animals eat animals Cellular respiration Plants and animals die and decompose The xylem s job is to move water throughout the plant The Phloem s job is to take the product of photosynthesis sugars to the roots of the plant Guard cells in the leaf surface create pores usually located on the underside of the leaf These pores are called Stomates which allow CO2 uptake needed for photosynthesis and also control water loss which is a direct consequence of photosynthesis Guard cells close the stomates when water is limited Transpiration is when plants lose water through photosynthesis Cellulose Molecule in the cell walls that provides most of their strength Composed of chains of sugars that are assembled into rods Highly resistant to degradation resistant to being broken down Lecture 3 Shoot steam leaves with photosynthetic surface area attached to steam by Petiole and the shoot tip lateral bud which are dormant tips which create new branches Growth in length is due to cell division product of new cells in the shoot and root tips Plants that live more than one year Grow in width die to cell divisions in the body of the steam and root Roots root tip Perennials Shoot tip Makes the cells of the shoot Makes the leaves Makes the lateral buds Makes the flowers modified shoot tip Pistil Stigma Style Ovary Stamen Anther Filament The female reproductive part egg is produced in the ovule The male reproductive parts sperm are produced in the pollen Pollination Fertilization Pollen getting to the stigma sperm egg embryo After fertilization Egg becomes the embryo Ovule becomes the seed Ovary becomes the fruit SEED Seed coat Embryo Endosperm provides the embryo with nutrients Cotyledons modified leaves that also store nutrients for the embryo The function of the flower is to ensure pollination occurs Lecture 4 Wind pollinated flowers Petals small or absent Lots of pollen produced Large stigma Animal pollinated flowers produce attractants and rewards Attractants are colorful petals and scents and the rewards are sugary nectar and pollen Flowers that are pollinated by bees flies bats and nocturnal moths Many plants self pollinate but this results in genetically uniform offspring Flowers are designed to promote cross pollination which increases genetic variability The function of the fruit is to promote seed dispersal Fleshy fruits strawberries avocados tomatoes ect Intended to be eaten by animals Seeds are dispersed by animal feces Dry fruits nuts Seeds are dispersed by clinging fruits like burs Being collected by animals like acorns Wind or water Lecture 5 Algae simple photosynthetic aquatic organisms Plankton organisms that live suspended in water Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton Importance of phytoplankton Bottom of the food chain in the ocean ultimate source of food for animals in the ocean Produce about 30 of the oxygen in the atmosphere Red tides blooms of potentially toxic marine phytoplankton Red and Brown Algae ect Green Algae Ferns and their relatives Multicellular photosynthetic organisms living in the ocean Not classified as plants but are in the Kingdom Protista Harvested commercially for the cell wall materials used in paints cosmetics beer toothpaste Green Plant Kingdom Progenitors of land plants plants invaded the land about 500 mya Evolved about 400 mya Have xylem phloem stomates roots and leaves Reproduce by alternation of generations in which spore forming version of the plant makes spores spores grow into plants which make gametes eggs and sperm and fertilization results in more plants of the spore forming type Oil natural gas are derived from the remains of algae plankton living in shallow seas hundreds of millions of years ago coal deposits seem to be the remains of ferns and their relatives living 100s of mya Lecture 6 Be able to name the major innovations in the evolution of cone bearing plants Gymnosperms they have ovules seeds and pollen they do not form flowers or fruits Evolutionary origin of seeds Instead of shedding their spores as ferns do the spores of cone bearing plants are surrounded by tissues of the parent plant and this tissue is called the ovule As the spore develops it forms the egg which will be fertilized to form the next generation of plant In cone bearing plants the ovules form on the surface of the scales that make up the cones Most important and numerous cone bearing plants the conifers pines spruces firs redwoods ect Other cone bearing plants that are less numerous are cycads and Ginkgo however these were the predominate land plants during the age of the dinosaurs Conifers cover large parts of the earth s surface particularly in the northern latitudes Most of the wood production comes from the conifers and that approximately half of all harvested wood is used for paper production Paper is purified cellulose pressed into sheets In the evolution of flowering plants the ovule becomes surrounded by a layer of tissue
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