Plants and People Review Session The exam has 25 multiple choice questions 1 Lecture 1 the place of plants in the tree of life a The five kingdoms and how organisms are classified b The characteristics of plants i cell wall photosynthesis reproduction c The big events in the evolution of organisms and their timing i life 3 5 billion 3 billion photosynthesis 1 5 billion complex organisms 1 billion plants animals and fungi 2 Lecture 2 the features of plant cells and how plants function physically a Chloroplasts and cell walls i Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs The cell wall gives i Using sunlight the plant can process water and carbon dioxide into i animals using respiration to essentially reverse photosynthesis the plant its structure and rigidity b Photosynthesis oxygen and energy c Carbon cycle and respiration d Xylem phloem and transpiration i Xylem transports water up ii Phloem transports nutrients around iii Transpiration is the loss of water e Guard cells and stomates i These are used to regulate water and CO2 uptake and water loss f Cellulose i Used for many purposes such as wood and paper 3 Lecture 3 the parts of a plants a Basic parts roots stems leaves lateral buds b Parts of a flower c Plant reproduction pollination and fertilization i Pollen is delivered to the stigma in pollination This goes down into the ovule to eventually fertilize the egg d Seeds and fruits ovules become the seed The ovary wall becomes the fruit 4 Lecture 4 pollination and seed dispersal a Flowers are adapted for pollination b Wind pollination pollination by bees bird flies bats and nocturnal moths i These all vary in smell color and petals to be better suited to their pollinators c Cross pollination versus self pollination i Cross pollination ensures genetic variety whereas self pollination creates genetic uniformity d The fruit is an adaption for seed dispersal Fleshy fruits versus dry fruits i Fleshy fruits like an apple are meant to be eaten by animals and dry fruits like an acorn are meant to be mostly just dispersed 5 Lecture 5 algae and the evolution of early land plants a Phytoplankton and their importance b Multicellular marine algae red algae and brown algae c Green algae the progenitors of land plants d Mosses the earliest land plants evolve about 450 million years ago no roots xylem or phloem but have internal fertilization e Ferns and relatives appear 350 million years ago have roots xylem and phloem i These adaptations make it easier for the plant to get bigger f Alternation of generations method of reproduction used by all land plants i Gamete forming generation and the spore forming generation In ferns the generations are separate from each other whereas in flowering plants they are not released from the parent plant g Origin of oil and coal deposits i Not dinosaurs The source is primary phytoplankton for oil deposits and fern relatives for coal 6 Lecture 6 cone bearing plants the gymnosperms a Reproductive advantages have pollen ovules and seeds but not flowers or fruits b Conifers Cycads and Ginkgo ginkgo only has one species c The importance of conifers i Conifers are the main ones but cycads look like palm trees and i Major part of the environment and the source of paper and wood d Lumber and paper production e Flowering plants evolve 150 million years ago have flowers and fruits 7 Lecture 7 the origins of crop plants a Our most important crops wheat rice corn and potato b Cereal grains the parts of the seeds and the nutrients they contain bran germ and endosperm Whole wheat vs white flour i Whole wheat contains all parts of the seed making it more nutritious White flour only contains the endosperm which is mostly carbohydrates starch c Protein content of cereals versus potato and beans d Crop domestication begins 8 10 thousand years ago in Mesoamerica the Andes Middle East and China e Know where our major crops originated i Both domestication of cereal grain and a bean to promote a balanced diet f Crop domestication involved the unintentional selection of loss of seed dispersal thinner seed coats and larger seeds a Early innovations irrigation plowing and crop rotation b Major nutrients needed for plant growth nitrates and phosphates c Bacteria convert N2 gas into nitrates plants use nitrates to make proteins animals get nitrogen by eating plants the nitrogen cycle d Nitrogen for fertilizer is synthesized chemically phosphates are mined e Modern agriculture crop breeding mechanization synthetic fertilizer and 8 Lecture 8 Agriculture f Genetic modification of crop plant resistance to insects and herbicides 9 Lecture 9 plants are chemical factories a Defense compounds and chemical attractants for pollination b Drugs produced by plants are defense compounds morphine and salicylic its problems acid aspirin c Potential benefits and problems with herbal medicines i Believed to be gentler to the body but problems include the variable amounts of active ingredients and the mixtures could be questionable and most have not been tested for safety d Coffee spices and the Age of Exploration e Poisonous plants apple cherry and peach seeds potato and tomato 1 When did life first appear on earth 2 What pollinates plants with flowers that are white in color open at night and have strong heavy odors leaves iClicker questions iClicker answers 1 3 5 billion years ago 2 Bats
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