BSC1005'Study'Guide'Unit'2'Chapter'1'• Physiology:!The!science!of!biological!FUNCTION!• Homeostasis:!Maintenance!of!a!constant!internal!environment!regardless!of!the!environment!OR!variation s!within!ce lls. !• Pathophysiology:!diseases!o Biomedical!research!helps!to!solve!diseases.!!Chapter'2:'Blood'• Blood!is!part!of!the!circulatory!system!• Heat!is!distributed!by!blood!• Blood!is!the!connective!tissue!of!the!circulatory!system!because!it’s!continuously!c ircu l at in g .!• Major!component!of!blood=!water!• Clotting:!initial!step!in!healing!(process!is!call ed !co a g ul a tion )!o A!hemophiliac!cannot!produce!clotsJdangerous!o Excessive!clotting!won’t!allow!blood!to!flowJ!dangerous!• A!heparin!treated!blood!sample!separates!the!plasma,!WBCs,!RBCs,!and!platelets!in!blood!to!determine!ones!hematocrit!o Hematocrit:!%!of!volume!of!RBCs!in!a!blood!sample!o Process!done!through!centrifugation!• Hematopoiesis:!general!term!for!production!of!ALL!blood!cells!(RBCs!and!WBCs)!!Red2Blood2Cells2(RBCs)2• In!males!RBCs!make!up!45% !of!blood;!40% !in!fem ales!o When!someone!has!a!higher!percentageJ!most!likely!due!to!elevation.!o When!someone!has!a!lower!percentageJ!due!to!blood!loss!• Specialized!to!transport!Oxygen!(O2)!!• Biconcave!shaped!because!speciliazed!for!gas!transport!o RBCs!have!no!nucleus!so!they!can’t!divide/reproduce!• RBCs!come!from!stem!cells!of!the!red!marrow!of!the!bone!!• Hemoglobin!(Hb):!oxygenJbinding!protein!and!responsible!for!the!red!color!of!RBCs!• 4!subunits!of!Hb!in!RBCs!(carbon,!oxygen,!hydrogen,!nitrogen)!are!important!for!ou r!p h ysio lo g y.!• Affinity!for!O2:!how!tightly!O2!is!binded.!• RBCs!participate!in!CO2!transport!and!transports!it!as!a!bicarbonate.!o Converted!by!carbonic!anhydrase!• An!RBCs!lifetime=!3J4!months!o The!process!of!forming!new!RBCs=!erythropoiesis!(EPO)!o BloodJdoping:!taking!out!blood!and!putting!it!back!in!before!a!competition!to!increase!hematocrit!(aka!amount!of!O2)!§ This!is!used!for!treating!anemia!but!people!without!anemia!use!it!for!their!own!advantage.!• Damaged!RBCs!are!removed!by!the!spleen.!• Sickle!cell!disease:!Hb!levels!are!low!so!it!affects!the!RBC!shape!o The!altered!shape!affects!RBCs!ability!to!change!shape!when!going!through!tight!spaces!so!it!creates!blockage.!!White2Blood2Cells2(WBCs)2• AKA!leukocytes!!• Fight!disease;!part!of!the!immune!system!• Produced!in!red!marrow!of!bone!by!stem!cells!(like!RBCs)!• Makes!up!1%!of!blood!volume!• Types!of!WBCs:!!o Neutrophils,!eosinophils,!basophils,!lymphocytes!(made!up!of!BJcells,!TJcells!and!natural!killer!cells),!and!monocytes.!!Platelets2• AKA!thrombocytes!• Involved!in!clotting!• Produced!by!megakaryocytes!!Plasma2• Made!up!of!mostly!water!then!electrolytes,!proteins,!and!other!molecules!(i.e.!dissolved!gasses!like!O2!and!CO2)!• Most!of!the!components!of!blood!are!found!in!plasma!except!Hb!is!found!in!RBCs!!Other2information2about2blood2• Blood!carries!hormones!• Platelets!and!fibrinogen!play!big!roles!in!coagulation!(blood!clotting)!o Platelet!plugJ>activation!of!plateletsJ>fibrin!strands!strengthen!plug!!Antibodies22• Antibodies:!protein!components!of!immune!system!circulation!in!the!blood!• They!recognize!“foreign”!particles!by!binding!to!them!• Vaccinations!introduce!part!of!the!virus!so!that!the!body!can!produce!antibodies!to!quicken!immune!response.!!Regulation2of2Body2Temperature2• Body!temperature!regulation!by!varying!blood!flow!to!the!body’s!surface!o If!it’s!coldJ!less!blood!flows!to!the!surface!to!conserve!he at !o If!it’s!hotJ!more!blood!flows!to!the!surface!to!get!rid!of!heat!!Cancer2• Cardiovascular!diseases!are!#1!cause!of!death;!cancer!is!#2!• Occurs!when!some!cells!multiply!too!rapidly!creating!a!tumor!!WBC2Cancer2• WBCs!produced!faster!than!normal!!Metastasis2• When!cancer!cells!enter!blood!and!transport!to!other!parts!of!the!body!affecting!tissues!• The!chances/rate!of!metastasis!differs!with!different!cancers!!Lymph2• The!fluid!between!cells!in!tissues!• Transported!through!lymphatic!system!that!includes!lymph!nodes!!o Contain!large!numbers!of!WBC!for!the!immune!system!§ i.e.!lymphocytes !• Mixes!with!blood!in!the!cardiovascular!system!!Chapter'3:'Cardiovascular'Physiology'• William!Harvey’s!On#the#Motion#of#the#Heart#and#Blood#in#Animals!explains!the!cardiovascular!system!for!the!first!time!• The!heart!is!the!pump!and!it’s!divided!into!4!chambers!o Right!atrium!(RA):!deoxygenates!blood/leads!it!to!lungs!o Left!atrium!(LA):!oxygenates!blood/leads!it!to!the!body!§ The!most!dominant!o Ventricles:!pump!blood!to!the!arteries!o RA!brings!blood!in;!LA!leads!blood!out!• The!cycle:!o Body,!RA,!RV,!Lungs,!LA,!LV,!body!o From!the!body!to!the!RV!the!air!is!deoxygenated!and!when!it!goes!through!t he !lo ng s !it!b ec om e s!o x yg en a te d !ag a in .!!• SA!node!is!the!pacemaker!of!the!heart!o It’s!initiated!by!the!heart’s!electrical!signal!o It!activates!the!atria!and!activates!first!• AV!node!transmits!signals!between!the!atria!and!the!ventricles!!ECG/EKG2• ECG!reflects!the!electrical!activity!of!the!cardiac!cycle!and!it!used!to!diagnose!heart!problems!• ECG!records:!o PJwave!(activation!of!atria)!o QRS!complex!(activation!of!ventricles;!lub2sound)!o TJwave!(the!recovery!wave;!dupp2sound)!!Phases2of2the2Cardiac2Cycle:2Mechanical2• Action!potential!triggers!contraction!aka!there’s!physical!pumping!• 2!phases!of!the!cardiac!cycle!are!diastole!and!systole!• Systole:!cardiac!muscle!contracts!• Diastole:!cardiac!muscle!is!at!re st !a n d!it ’s!when!the!heart!fill s!with!blood!• Stroke!volume:!amount!of!blood!pumped!on!each!beat!!Cardiac2Output2• Stroke!Volume!x!Heart!Rate=!volume!of!blood!pumped!in!1!minute!!Vasculature2Tubes2• Veins,!venuoles,!arteries,!arterioles!and!capillaries!each!made!up!of!smooth!muscle,!connective!tissue!and!endothelium!• Capillaries!are!thin!to!help!with!gas!exchange!!Diffusion2• Transport!of!respiratory!gases!(O2!and!CO2!b/w!blood!+!capillaries!and!cells!+!tissues!!Cardiovascular2Diseases2• Atherosclerosis:!blood!vessel!blockage!• Heart2attack:!when!blood!vessels!in!heart!become!blocked!• Stroke:!blood!vessels!in!brain!become!blocked!• Heart2failure:!heart’s!ability!to!pump!is!reduced!o NonJfatal!heart!atta ck !w / !su b st a nt ia l!da m a g e!c a n!c a us e!t his!•
View Full Document
Unlocking...