BSC1005 Exam 1 Study GuideCh.1-Plants have certain characteristics-They are green due to photosynthesis, which is how they make food-They do not move on their own, due to their rigid Cell Walls-They have flowers, which is how they reproduce-All life is organized into 7 categories, with each category for specific as the list goes down, with Kingdom the broadest and Species the most specific. The categories are:-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species-The 5 Kingdoms are:-Plant-Animal-Fungi-Protists-Bacteria-The first life form was bacteria about 3.5 billion years ago. This was followed by:-Photosynthesis beginning about 3 billion years ago-Other Kingdoms separating from bacteria about 2 billion years ago-Animals and Fungi separating about 1 billion years ago-Green plants separating about 1 billion years agoCh.2-Oil is the most used energy, followed by coal and gas-Renewable energy makes up 7%, 53% of that is biomass-Biodiesel from algae produces far less emission/needs less space to grow than alcohol (corn)-3 main parts of animal cell- cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm-Plant cell has the same components as animal cells, but also has chloroplast (carry out photosynthesis) and cell wall (cell structure, holds cells together)-During Photosynthesis: Xylem-moves water from roots to leaves Phloem-sugar from leaves to roots-Guard cells (plants) will open for more CO2 intake, but allows water loss, so they close when water is minimal-Cell walls are made of sugars, mainly Cellulose (wood is 60% cellulose)-Photosynthesis process- CO2+H2O+light=O2+sugar-Respiration process- Sugars+O2=CO2+H2O+energy-Nearly all ethanol is from cornCh.3-Parts of plant- Root tips, stem, leaves, lateral buds (dormant shoot tips), petiole (leaf stems), shoot tip (top of stem, shoot tip controls most cell growth)-Plants grow cells at root and shoot tips-Plants older than one year will thicken due to cell division-Parts of flower: Pistil (Ovary, Style, Stigma), Stamen (Anther, Filament), Petal, Ovule(becomes seed), Sepal-The Ovule contains an egg. After fertilization-Ovule becomes seed, Egg becomes embryo (young plant), and Ovary becomes fruit-Anther contains pollen; each pollen spec has 2 sperm cells-Pollen lands on stigma, pollen tubes grows into stigma and delivers sperm (pollination)-Fertilization is sperm+egg merging to from embryo-Seed: Seed Coat, Embryo, Endosperm (food for embryo), Cotyledons (storage leaves)-Some plants (beans) replace endosperm with cotyledons as seed develops-After fertilization ovary becomes fruitCh.4-Flowers bring together plant reproductive cells-Wind pollination involves far more pollen and larger stigma-Most grasses are wind pollinated-Sometimes pollinated by animals (bees, ants, etc.). Bugs attracted by shape andcolor (attractants), give pollen, and receive nectar (reward)-Bees and butterflies are generalists (pollinate many plants). Many bugs are specific to certain plants-Butterfly+moth plants grow long nectar horns-Fly plants look/smell like rotting flesh-Bird plants produce much nectar, are odorless (birds can’t smell)-Bat plants have much nectar, strong smells, and dull colors-Self Pollination- creates same plant over-Cross Pollination- mixes genetics, better for environment adaptability-Following fertilization, Ovule becomes seed, ovary wall becomes fruit, and fruit’s main role is to disperse seed-Fruits are diverse, and disperse seeds in different ways-Fleshy fruits are meant to be eaten, and the seeds dispersed through fecal matter-Dry fruit seeds are dispersed through wind or animals-Milkweed fruits dry, split, and disperse seeds into wind-Mistletoe plants ejects seeds out with force-Seeds are dispersed in a multitude of ways, such as clinging to animals, through winds or water, through animal pollination, etc.Ch.5-Algae-photosynthetic aquatic organisms-Plankton- term for tiny microorganisms which live suspended in water-Phytoplankton- photosynthetic plankton, serve as base of ocean’s food chain andcreate 30% of oxygen in atmosphere-Red Tides- toxic blooms of phytoplankton, can be very toxic to sea and land life-Red/Brown Algae- multicellular photosynthetic organisms which live in ocean-Despite being photosynthetic, it is classified as a protest (Kingdom Protista)-Is often harvested for many uses (Cell Wall material, sushi, beer, cosmetics, etc)-Green Algae- father of all land plants (Kingdom Plantae), over 17,000 species of green algae exist, developed about 500 million years ago-Moss- original land plants, about 10,000 species exist-contain no leafs, stem, xylem, or phloem-fertilize and reproduce by themselves-Over millions of years plants began to develop stems, leaves, and roots. When Fern began to develop, so did seeds and pollen. Flowers and fruit did not develop for several million years after this.-Oil and natural gas are from ancient deposits of algae in shallow waters. Coal is from ancient fern deposits.Ch.6-Gymnosperms- cone-bearing plants (i.e. trees)-First to develop ovules, seeds, and pollen, but not fruits or flowers-Seeds are meant to protect and feed the embryo-Pollen is meant to deliver the sperm to the egg (cone bearing plants use wind pollination)-Unlike moss or ferns, the spores in cone-bearing plants are always kept inside the ovule. The spore will eventually become an egg, and once fertilized, the ovule will become a seed (containing an embryo)-Conifers are the most common cone-bearing plants today (most trees your see are conifers)-Conifers (especially pines) are one of the most economically important plants due to the amount of timber (wood) they produce.-Paper accounts for 50% of wood used today. It is made from compressed cellulose.-Cycads and Ginkos are another type of con-bearing plant. Although rare today, they were the dominant plant in the dinosaur ages-Angiosperms (Flowering plants) developed millions of years after gymnosperms. These have an ovary which develops around the seed.Ch.7-Crops are invaluable to our daily lives-Corn, wheat, rice, and potatoes account for about 80% of our diets, with corn, wheat, and rice being grasses (cereals).-The part of these which we eat is the seed, where the germ is the embryo, the bran is the seed coat, and everything else is endosperm.-In the food making process, white flour is made by removing the germ and bran, which eliminates most of the proteins/vitamins and leaves mostly carbohydrates. Whole wheat flour uses all of the seed, which is why it is healthier.-Cereals provide
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