BSC1005 Exam 1 Study Guide Physiology the science of biological function biological function is closely related to structure Have an understanding of Atoms Ions Cells basic units of life surrounded by a membrane composed of lipids arranged in a bilayer structure Tissues Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment in an organism or a cell Can be internal or external Pathophysiology changes in physiology due to the presence of diseases genetic mutations infections etc Blood Part of the circulatory system specifically cardiovascular system Connective Tissue Complex Fluid Composition RBCs are specialized to transport oxygen O2 Hematocrit volume of blood occupied by RBCs Cellular components red blood cells white blood cells platelets Plasma Increases when O2 is low and decreases when the organism loses blood They are the most numerous components of blood Most O2 in the blood is bound to hemoglobin Hb a protein in RBCs Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells Most CO2 is transported in the blood is in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3 and RBCs also participate in carbon dioxide CO2 transport bicarbonate HCO3 Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells CO2 is converted to H2CO3 by a protein enzyme in the RBCs Carbonic anhydrase Spectrin one of the main proteins in RBCs cytoskeleton that maintains its biconcave shape There are many types of WBCs also called leukocytes lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils and monocytes Part of immune system help fight infections They contain cell nuclei Platelets are cell fragments they like RBCs contain no nuclei have a role in blood clotting Hematopoiesis process of formation of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow Erythropoiesis the process of forming new blood cells they are made continuously from stem Blood Plasma cells in the red marrow of bone Water Electrolytes ions and small molecules Includes gasses O2 and CO2 food molecules and metabolic wastes Proteins Chemical signals hormones Some are proteins and others are bound to proteins Blood has a role in many physiological processes Transport molecules including O2 and CO2 and blood cells Protection against infections immune system Repair clotting coagulation Temperature regulation heat transport Diffusion the net movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low concentration Mechanism for transport of repository gases O2 and CO2 between blood and plasma and the cytoplasm of RBCs Myoglobin Oxygen storage protein in muscle Sickle Cell Disease caused by a seemingly small change in DNA sequence that alters just one amino acid out of 140 amino acids it is due to a mutation in Hb which leads to clumping of that protein and a change in the shape of RBCs Genetically inherited Lymph Interstitial fluid collected in the lymphatic system where the composition of fluid is modified as it becomes lymph travels in only one direction flows from tissue towards the heart Metastasis If a cancer cell leaves the blood and invades another tissue and forms another Cancer occurs when cells multiply at an abnormally high rate tumor then the cancer has spread through metastasis it has metastasized Cardiovascular System Circulates blood throughout the body Arteries carry the blood to the tissues around the body Structure of the human heart Pump of the cardiovascular system Left side more dominant and muscular it pumps oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body Right side Atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where the blood is re oxygenated cardiovascular system Ventricles The left ventricle is the main generator of pressure that drives blood flow through the Valves Ensure that blood moves in one direction through the cardiovascular system Sinoatrial SA node a region of specialized cells of the right atrium Atrioventricular AV node a region of specialized cells between the atria and the ventricles They are located at the entrances and exits of the ventricle Pacemaker It is the central structure responsible for transmission of the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles AV node delays transmission The process by which blood flows through the heart 1 Blood enters the atrium top 2 3 From there it moves into a major artery It then moves into the ventricle bottom on the same side Cardiac electrical cycle and Electrocardiogram ECG EKG reflects the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle when it is measured using electrodes placed on the body s surface and there are three major features P Wave associated with electrical activity in the atria QRS complex associated with electrical activity in the ventricles and is the predominant feature in an EKG because of the large amount of tissue in the ventricles T Wave formed as the the ventricles recover from electrical depolarization Cardiac mechanical cycle systole and diastole Systole the portion of the cardiac cycle when contraction occurs and blood is pumped out to the arteries Diastole the phase of the cardiac mechanical cycle when the heart fills with blood Blood pressure in the ventricles and the major arteries Heart sounds are from changes in the blood motion as valves close and open Heart Rate HR number of heart beats per minute Stroke Volume SV the volume of blood pumped by one heartbeat Cardiac Output CO the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute CO SV x HR Control of heart rate is done through the nervous system which modulates the SA node function hormones circulating through blood can also control the heart rate Vasculature all of the blood vessels throughout the body that blood moves through stroke volume heart rate Arterial blood vessels Capillaries Venous blood vessels Blood leaving the heart enters the arterial vasculature then capillaries and finally returns to the heart through the venous vasculature Arterial Vasculature the arterial walls are thicker than other blood vessels and contain more connective tissue which adds strength and elasticity Smooth muscle and connective tissue make up the bulk of the thick vessel walls Endothelium a thin layer of cells that form the inner lining of the arterial vasculature Capillaries are the smallest diameter blood vessels they are the sight of exchange for gasses and other small molecules between the blood and vascularized cells in tissues They received blood from the arterial vasculature and blood exits into the venous vasculature Venous Vasculature the lowest in the circuit blood pressure drops throughout the cycle starting
View Full Document
Unlocking...