Plants and People What is our Energy Future World energy use is rising Burning fossil fuels is raising the Earth s temperature due to CO2 emission Energy Use o Oil 40 o Coal 20 o Natural Gas 23 o Nuclear 8 o Renewables 7 Solar 1 Hydroelectric 36 Geothermal 5 Biomass 53 Wind 5 Essential Question World energy demand is increasing Where will it comes from and how to protect the environment Solix Biofeul s Algae Facility in New Mexico growing algae for oil extraction Using renewable energy sources reduce CO2 emissions but some of these sources are better than others Crop Corn Algae Product Alcohol Biodiesel Vs Gas CO2 Emissions 85 3 Of existing US Crop Land needed to meet half US Fuel Demands 200 1 2 iClicker Question What is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth A The Sun B The Earth C Oil Coal and Natural Gas D Plants Cell Theory from preexisting cells All organisms are composed of cells the cell is the basic unit of life and all cells arise Scientific Theory a well confirmed broad explanation of a natural phenomenon based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation As close as we come to a fact Scientific Hypothesis a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon that can be verified by experimentation All living things are made of cells o Animal cells cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm o Plant cells cell wall chloroplasts Photosynthesis Chloroplasts in leaf cells carry our photosynthesis Light CO2 H2O sugars O2 for growth and energy During photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of water Transpiration H2O goes up through roots branches out leaves and into the atmosphere Xylem plumbing system moves water from roots to leaves Phloem moves sugars from leaves to roots Loss due to transpiration causes wilting which reduces growth and can cause death Guard cells and Stomates Most water transpired by plants is lost through the stomates Guard cells in the leaf surface create pores stomates that allow CO2 uptake but also Plant cell walls are composed of long chains of sugars particularly cellulose Glucose Wood is 60 cellulose water loss Cellulose Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis CO2 H2O light Sugars O2 Carbon recycled back to the atmosphere Respiration Sugars O2 CO2 H2O energy iClicker Question Which of the Following correctly describes the process of respiration A Sugars CO2 O2 H20 energy B H2O CO2 energy O2 sugars C Sugars O2 CO2 H2O energy D Sugars energy CO2 O2 H2O Use of the Corn Crop Alcoholic beverages animal feed seed corn industrial and pharmaceutical products exported gasohol food products other In 2005 the federal government mandated that gas for cars must be mixed with ethanol Almost 100 of this ethanol comes from corn The price of corn has tripled since 2005 this is a common occurrence to prices of a commodity when a second major product is made from it The price of beef has gone up 65 pork 55 as a result of corn price increasing How plants are put together Top 2 3 above ground is the shoot bottom 1 3 below ground is the root Shoot stem leaves petiole shoot tip lateral buds dormant shoot tips Root root tips Plants grow by producing new cells at the tips of the shoot and root Then the cells increase in size Growth in length Some practical botany Removing the shoot tip causes the lateral buds to grow out makes the plant bushy Plants can be multiplied by making cuttings of branches and rooting them in water iClicker Question Which of the following is responsible for the transport of water from the roots to the leaves A Phloem B Xylem C Neither Plant growth in width Most plants that live more than one year perennials grow in width as well as in length Towards end of first year of growth cylinder of cells starts to divide Instead of growing Cell divisions in the body of the stem and root increase thickness Tree trunks that have grown around fence fence doesn t bend upwards because growth up they grow out occurs near tips Reproduction flowers seeds and fruits When flowering starts the shoot tip turns into the site of the flower and holds reproductive parts Basic flower parts o Ovule o Petal o Stamen Male Reproductive o Pistil Female Reproductive Anther Filament Stigma Style Ovary Most flowers are hermaphroditic have both male and female structures The ovule contains the egg and the ovary contains one or more ovules After fertilization the ovule becomes the seed the egg becomes an embryo young plant and the ovary becomes the fruit Each anther contains sacs where the pollen form Each pollen grain contains two sperm cells When a pollen grain lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows out The pollen tube delivers the sperm to the egg Pollination the process in which the pollen grain is delivered to the stigma Fertilization o Sperm egg embryo A developing seed contains an embryo a young plant Where we get our nutrition from o Cotyledons storage leaves o Endosperm food for the plant o Seed coat In some plants the endosperm is digested as the seed develops and is replaced by the cotyledons The nutrition we get from a bean seed come from the cotyledons The function of cotyledons is to provide nutrients for growth of the young plant After fertilization the ovary becomes the fruit iClicker Question Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma Fertilization is when the sperm call and egg cell merge to make the embryo A True B False Seedless vs Seeded Fruits Seedless fruits watermelon grapes bananas How does this happen o Genetic cross between two closely related species hybrid product that is sterile o Could also treat with hormones Economic Impact of Pollination 35 of crop production depends on insect pollination 15 billion annually Flowers and Pollination How do you have sex if you can t move plant together pollen Wind Pollination o Oak plant o The purpose of flowers is to bring the male and female reproductive parts of the No petals petals are to attract plants Large stigmas Lots of pollen Acorn is the fruit remnants of the fertilized female reproductive parts o Corn is wind pollinated as are most grasses including wheat and rice Corn ears are a collection of female reproductive parts The silk is the stigmas Pollination by animals o Flowers provide attractants and a reward Attractants petals flower shape colors scent Rewards nectar and pollen o Bees ants beetles moths butterflies birds bats and more are all animals that pollinate o Bee pollination Bee flowers have to have a landing platform Usually blue or yellow in color
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