Plants get food through photosynthesis in the chloroplastFungi Don’t photosynthesize, saprophytic i.e. parasiticCarl Linnaeus father of organism classification the binomial systemClassification based on reproduction structures which is keyPolynomial longer than binomial Binomial- genus than speciesKingdoms-Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria Were using more energy per capita (USA) #1oil, #2natural gas, and #3coal. World energy demand is increasing! We need to find a replacement for coal. Nuclear is also a finite resource. Biomass with plants is carbon neutral. Solex biofuels has facility in New Mexico that extracts oil from algae. 2005 government implemented that corn ethanol would be put into petroleum. Corn-alcohal-co2 emission 85.The ultimate source of energy is the sun.Animal Cell- lipid layer that regulates what goes in and out (cell membrane). Nucleus is where the DNA is, provides control over the cell activity. In the cytoplasm there are organelles that store energy and have cell activity.Plant Cell- plant cells have all the parts an animal cell has and more. Plants have a cell wall that is outside of the cell membrane. They also have chloroplasts were photosynthesis takes place. No chloroplasts in roots. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and join water and co2 together to make sugars for growth and a bi product of this process is oxygen. Plants use a lot of water during photosynthesis and this is called transpiration and they recover the water that they lose through the soil. Xylem are a specialized pipes which pulls water up the stalk of the plant. Phloem moves the sugar made from photosynthesis to all the places the plants needs it. Plants control water use with stomates (each stomata has two guard cells) that allow CO2 in and allow water to go out. The stomates can regulate water usage by opening and closing. When water is limiting they close their stomates but a side affect of that is that photosynthesis can’t take place because no CO2 is being taken in. Cell walls ate composed of long chains of cellulose sugars. Paper is purified cellulose and so is paper. Wood is 60% cellulose.Carbon cycle- animals get energy from plants causes cellular respiration that CO2 goes back into the atmosphere.Which of the following describes respiration?Sugars +o2=o2+h2o+energyKnow the formula for photosynthesis as wellUses of corn crop- alcoholic beverages, feed, ethanol gasoline (2005 government mandated that gas cars must be mixed with ethanol) this caused prices of corn to go up and made corn farmer’s rich. These prices hitherto affected corns other uses to go up like feed and alcoholic beverages. This causes prices of beef to go up and pork to go up. Everything is interconnected.Removing the shoot tip causes the lateral buds to grow out, makes the plant bushy. Plants can be multiplied by making cuttings of branches and rooting them in water.Phloem moves sugars and xylem moves waterPlants that live more that one-year are called perennials and plants that live one year are annuals. Perennials grow in width as well as length because there is a re-orientation of the direction of growth, cell divisions in the body of the system and root increases thickness. Bark is mostly phloem and the inner wood is xylem. Growth occurs at the shoot tip. 2 directions of growthReproduction-seeds, fruits, flowersWhen flowering starts the shoot tip makes a flower instead of leaves and lateral budsmost flowers have hermaphroditicovule contains an egg, after fertilization the ovule becomes the seed. The egg becomes an embryo- a young plant. The ovary becomes the fruit.Each anther contains sacs where the pollen form, each pollen grain contains 2 sperm cells. When a pollen grain lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows out, the pollen tube delivers the sperm to the egg = Pollination (delivery to the pollen to the stigma). Fertilization=sperm + egg gives you an embryo. A developing seed contains an embryo, young plant. Cotyledons-storage leaves. Endosperm- food for the young plant. Endosperm is digested as the seed develops and is replaced by the cotyledons. The nutrition we get from a bean seed come from the cotyledons. A corn seed (kernel) is mostly endosperm. After fertilization, the ovary becomes the fruitFlowers and pollinationThe purpose of flowers is to bring male and female reproductive cells together.Wind pollination- flowers of an oak- separate male and female flowers- no petals, large stigmas, lots of pollen. Male flowers have anthers and females have stigmas. Wind pollination also in corn, grass and wheat and rice.Pollination by animalsThey attract animals with rewards (nectar and Pollen) and the attractants (flower shape, colors, scent). Bees and butterflies are called generalists (visiting many kind of flowers). Other animals are very specific to the plant there called specialists.Self pollination vs. cross pollinationMany plants self-pollinate much of the time, offspring genetically uniform.Cross-pollination creates genetic variability.AlgaeSimple photosynthetic, aquatic organisms some unicellular and some multicellularI.e. Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Brown algae, red algae, green algaePlankton- microorganisms that live suspended in waterThe diatoms and dinoflagellates are the main types of phytoplankton; they are the base of the food chain in open oceans. Phytoplankton produces 30% of the o2 in the atmosphere.Diatoms- Most diatoms are unicellular, although they can exist as coloniesDinoflagellates- some produce neurotoxins that can cause red tides that kill fish and possibly poison people. Phytoplankton live inside coralsMosses have no xylem or phloem, and have adapted to periodically dry conditions, also internal fertilization which is a major adaptation, they were the first land plantsVascular plants without seeds such as club mosses, ferns and relatives.Crude oil came from large deposits of algae that died a long time ago (100-400mya). Black shale is a sign of oil near by.Cone Bearing plants-gymnospermsi.e. cycads, ginkgo, conifersGymnosperm means naked seedMajor changes- development of ovules, seed and pollenFunctions of the seed- protection of embryo, nutrition of embryo, DispersalFunction of pollen-In cone bearing plants and flowering plants the spores are never releasedA seed is a mature ovule containing embryoIn cone bearing plants the ovules form on the surface of the cone scaleConifers- 650species worldwide i.e. pines, spruces, fir treesVarious female pine conesGiant
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