Notes Study Guide for Exam 1 Chapter 1 The Social Context of Adolescence Adolescence starts at menarche for girls o Begins when a child starts to physically mature puberty o Puberty To be physically capable of procreating o Usually starts between 11 13 years o The transition from one stage to the other is gradual and uncertain The upper boundary of adolescence is less clear o Physical maturity o Legal status as an adult o Attainment of financial and emotional independence The phases of adolescence development o Early adolescence 11 to 14 o Middle adolescence 15 to 17 o Late adolescence adolescents who are 18 or older with full recognition that some 18 19 and 20 year olds are truly adults o Biological o Cognitive Approaches to studying adolescence Puberty nutritional needs etc Memory problem solving interests etc Qualitative changes in thinking and reasoning Quantitative changes in attention memory and intelligence o Psychosexual o Social Relationship o Eclectic Emotions sense of self sexuality etc Friendships parent child relations etc Emphasizes all aspects of adolescent development No Interdisciplinary approach single discipline has a monopoly on the truth Changing Face of American Adolescents o Adolescent Population is slowly growing o Shrinking relative to other age groups Especially the elderly o Ethnic make up is changing Relatively fewer Caucasians o More living in Western and Southern states Our Evolving Society o Cohorts Similarly aged persons who experience the same historic events o Adolescent cohorts since the early 1900 The Lost Generation adolescents during WWI The G I Generation children during Great depression adolescents during WWII The Silent Generation born too late to serve in WWII but too early to be unconventional or buck authority The Baby Boomers largest generation born after WWII when all the G Is came home country was doing well lots of babies being made cynicism negative and alienation 2000 Generation X born in mid 60 s until about 1980 Generation Y millennial generation born between 1980 Generation more hyper vigilant parents The Prolongation of Adolescence o Many adult life transitions are delayed Stay in school longer have to many need grad degree Financial dependence on parents Move out of parents home later Marry later average age 25 26 for females later for grad degree Why prolongation o Good jobs require skills o Sexual permissiveness o Parents willing to support longer o Maturity o Emerging Adulthood betwixt and between Evolving communication and information technologies o Computers o The Internet Most adolescent use computers at home or school E mail information chat rooms IM school work o Cell Phones Potential hazards Sexual violent destructive material anonymity dividing between rich and poor More than of American teenagers own their own cell Changed nature of social relationships Influence family relations more monitoring Evolving World of Work and Consumption o Longer work hours o Internet o Increased employment of women including mothers o Increased adolescent employment o Leading to increase in adolescent advertisement consumption Evolving Educational Imperatives o Higher graduation rate o Increase in classroom technology o Awareness of the need for career preparation while in high o Increased use of Web resources school Changes in Family Dynamics o More teens will have been raised by single mothers o The number of children per family has decreased o Increase in non marital cohabitation o Out of wedlock births o Age at marriage increased average of 27 in 2008 o Divorce actually going down but still high Evolving sexual landscape Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution 1 Acceptance of Sexual Desire 2 Scientific knowledge about Sexual Functioning 3 Contraceptives 4 More awareness of rape and sexual violence 5 Flexible gender roles Negative Effects 1 Earlier premarital sexual behavior 2 Non marital pregnancy 3 High rates of STDs and AIDs 4 Confusion about sex sexuality Evolving Safety Concerns o Increased fears of terrorism o Crime rates have actually decreased but perception is that the o High fear of violent crime U S is more dangerous In society In the home In schools Accidents homicides suicides Teenagers more likely to be assaulted raped and robbed than o Violence a major cause of adolescent mortality all other age groups Applying Standards of the Scientific Method o Question o Hypotheses o Research design o Sampling o Procedure o Methods strategies for collecting data Reliability giving the same result every time Validity correct Correlation Relationship between two factors that doesn t imply a Positive correlation when one factor increases the other also Negative correlation when one factor increases the other True Experiment Research has control over situation and causal relationship does decreases participants It s ensured that the groups are identical in relevant ways and have same experiences during the study Quasi Experiment Research compares preexisting groups Cross sectional study One age group compared to another Cohort effects differences amongst individuals caused by Longitudinal study Group of people tracked over time as they Testing effects Change in subject performance not due to age or Cross sequential study Subjects at several different ages are historical events rather than maturation or development age maturation but due to repeated exposure to text materials tracked over time Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Development G Stanley Hall o The Father of Adolescent Psychology o Believed an individual s growth and development mirrors or o Child Study Movement research to better the lives of children o Storm and stress crazy emotional time period but not for parallels the evolutionary history of its species and adolescents everyone Erik Erikson o Psychosocial task to master o Each task produces conflict o If the conflict is resolved successfully a positive quality is built o The overall task of the individual is to acquire a positive ego into the personality and further development takes place identity Erikson s Stages look at table 2 1 1 Basic trust vs mistrust 2 Autonomy vs shame and doubt 3 Initiative vs guilt 4 Industry vs inferiority 5 Identity vs diffusion 11 early 20s A sense of ones current and 6 Intimacy vs isolation 7 Generativity vs stagnation 8 Ego integrity vs despair future self vs lack of commitment and instability Psychological views Erik Erikson o Identity search a normative crisis o Personal
View Full Document
Unlocking...