CHAPTER 11 SEXUAL BEHAVIORS 3 26 15 Premarital Sexual Behavior reasons for rst intercourse girls love boys opportunity numbers 13 7 15 17 30 18 19 70 most teens have sex with other teens or very young adults 1 3 years older Sexual Pluralism abstinence until marriage differs between individuals kissing necking petting caressing etc commitment by engagement living together exclusive dating friends with bene ts sex with affection but w o commitment or intent of relationship ulterior motives for sex punishment win return favors control bx build up ego Sexual Aggression 9 hs students reported having been hit physically hurt by partner 7 5 forced to have sex more for Blacks and older students unwanted sex person consents because they feel obligated to his her partner Myths and Facts sex is happening frequently in adolescents today FALSE 34 students reported having been sexual active today kids today start having sex at much younger ages than in the past FALSE median age has increased 18 hooking up with casual acquaintances is more common for teens than sex with romantic relationships FALSE by 18 have intimate dating experience not casual hookups boys want sex girls want love FALSE not necessarily double standard men are more visual more accepted to have sex earlier teens are poor users of condoms and contraceptives TRUE dif cult availability less educated Contraceptive Use rate has been increasing 90 girls but still more sporadic than adults condoms are most used pill is second withdrawal third condoms protect against pregnancy STDs birth control is a fx of race ethnicity age sexual orientation homosexuals less use condoms not used more because Black condoms White pill older younger pill gay heterosexual to use condoms negative experiences broke different sensation generalized disregard for risk focus on bene t lack of self ef cacy to avoid judgment when buying don t want to have talk with partner unwillingness to take responsibility for oneself and perception that condoms are ineffective lack of knowledge of method and unwilling to admit they re sexually active don t believe pregnancy will happen to them legal for all people since 1977 doctors did not have to contact parent anymore availability has minimal effect on sexual activity STDs very common 50 of all new STD cases each year to persons 15 24 years old chlamydia and gonorrhea are especially common in teens most commonly contracted 1 HPV trichomonoiasis 2 3 chlamydia 4 genital herpes 5 gonorrhea girls more at risk more likely to be asymptomatic develop serious complications more likely to contract if partner is infected 3 31 15 Unintended Pregnancy U S has second highest adolescent pregnancy rate in industrialized world rates are declining 15 fewer than in 70 80s about 20 of sexually active American teen girls get pregnant each year 80 are unplanned Causation Theories American teens are no more likely to be sexually active less likely to use contraceptives poverty rate is higher in U S U S gov t provides fewer health care services to middle class citizens primary care physicians are less likely to concern themselves with birth control youths in other countries are more likely to receive assistance from outside sources vocational training reduced poverty parental leave policies in other nations provide incentives to postpone childbearing until earn salary large enough to adequately care for a family attitudes toward adolescent sexual bx are more accepting in many European nations teens more open about bx more preparation for safe sex American society is more tolerant of adolescent childbearing than other nations comprehensive sex ed is favored in other nations vs abstinence only approach Pregnancy Outcomes motherhood 97 adolescent mothers keep babies fatherhood contact usually steadily decreases after child s birth abortion rate lowered 20 of US abortions are from teens adoption very few teens choose this option but generally feel quite comfortable with this decision if they do Teen Parents Risks dropping out of school living in poverty having subsequent children while still an adolescent Gay and Lesbian Youth 3 31 15 many homosexual men are stereotypically masculine in appearance and actions some are outstanding athletes many lesbians are stereotypically feminine in appearance and bx majority of gay men recognized their sexual orientation early in life less typical for lesbians to be aware of their homosexuality during adolescence Kinsey s Continuum of Hetero Homo Sexuality Fig 11 7 chart in book 1 exclusively heterosexual 2 predominantly hetero occasionally homo 3 predominantly hetero more than incidentally homo 4 equal 5 predominantly homo more than incidentally hetero 6 predominantly homo occasionally hetero 7 exclusively homo Determinants of Sexual Orientation biological theories most empirical support prenatal exposure to hormones genes greater exposure to testosterone differences in brain structure hypothalamus develops specialized receptor cells sensitive to androgens Psychoanalytic parent theories No Support social learning theory No Support core relationship with same sex parent may lead to homosexuality experience with negative heterosexual relationships Adjustment more dif cult than hetero youth to come to grips with their sexuality period of denial often isolated lonely unhappy people terribly afraid of rejection even by other homosexuals no one consistent coming out process followed by gay youth parents often not supported harassed at school high depression rates Sex Ed media and friends are most common sources of sex knowledge positive effects decreases in early intercourse number of sex partners and rates of pregnancy and STDs abstinence preferred model practicing celibacy is most desirable provide info on STDs birth control reproduction abstinence only model increasingly common no info about birth control focus on harmful consequences of sex 1 3 of school districts with sex ed mandate abstinence only programs less effective than other approaches comprehensive sex ed abstinence inclusive info CH 12 EDUCATION AND SCHOOL Middle School started as elementary 1 6 and secondary 7 12 moved to elementary junior high high junior high vs middle school switch teachers with every class period larger enrollments no single agreed upon grade structure for middle schools middle school slump lower grades less involvement interest in school middle schools larger than grade schools more impersonal less time spent with one teacher
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