CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescence Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 6 Self concept a conscious cognitive perception and assessment by an individual of himself or herself it is one s thoughts and opinions about oneself Four dimensions of the self Strang o Basic self concept the adolescent s view of his or her personality and perceptions of his abilities and his status and roles in the outer world o Transitory self concepts ideas of self that are influenced by the mood of the moment or by a recent continuing experience Ex a recent low grade on a test may leave a person with a temporary Ex a critical remark from parents may produce a temporary self feeling of stupidity evaluation of laziness o Social selves the selves he or she thinks others see which in turn influence how the individual sees himself or herself If youths believe that others think they are boring or socially unacceptable they tend to think of themselves in these negative ways Could also have to do with social class and status that shape s self concept o Ideal self the kind of person an individual would like to be An ideal self that is too low impedes accomplishment and one that is too high may lead to frustration and self depreciation Possible selves the different selves we envision ourselves becoming future not present Oyserman and Markus o Hoped for selves the people we hope to be in the future o Expected selves the people we think we will likely become o Feared selves the people we dread are afraid of becoming o Ex You may hope to become a world famous violinist expect to become a high school music teacher and fear becoming an unemployed street musician What contributes to a positive self concept o Significant others those who occupy a high level of importance they are influential and their opinions are meaningful their views of us or the way we think they view us has a greater influence than other people o Parents the quality of family relations affect self esteem adolescents with high self esteem report greater intimacy with mothers and fathers when children perceive conflict between parents or between themselves and parents lower self esteem can be expected o SES low SES students have lower self esteem than high SES students and the effects of SES increase with age o Race Ethnicity with the rise of racial pride brought by the civil rights movement it is shown that African American adolescents have high self esteem than any other group including Caucasians Asian American youth are found to have the lowest self esteem levels Latino adolescents self esteem is midway between these two groups CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescence Exam 2 Study Guide o Gender girls self esteem is lower than boys males have moderately higher levels of personal self esteem and self satisfaction than females and that male also felt better about their physical appearance and athletic abilities females have moderately higher behavioral conduct and moral ethical self esteem scores o Disabilities individuals with physical disabilities have negative body images and hence more difficulty developing positive self concepts same is true for those with cognitive limitations such as learning disabilities o Stress stress and self esteem are negatively correlated in teens Erikson s view on identity development o How does identity develop Erikson described the task of identity formation as one of making choices by exploring alternatives and committing to roles it is not stable but rather an on going process of self reflection and change as one moves through life Identity vs Role confusion Temporal perspective vs time confusion integrating past self with the future self so you have sense of continuity in identity Self certainty vs self consciousness Role experimentation vs role fixation Apprenticeship vs work paralysis Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion must understand masculinity and femininity so there is no confusion Leadership and followership vs authority Ideological commitment vs confusion of values o What contributes to a strong identity Marcia s idea of identity status o There are dual criteria that must be met before one can attain a mature identity one must undergo crises and make commitments o Four basic identity statuses Identity diffused those who have not experienced a crisis period nor have they made any commitment to an occupation religion a political philosophy sex roles or personal standards of behavior typically have low self esteem are easily influenced by peers and lack meaningful relationships friendships Ex Where do you want to live when you grow up I don t know I ve never thought about it Foreclosure those who have not yet experienced a crisis but have made commitments to occupations and ideologies that are not the result of their own searching but are ready made and handed down to them by parents not able to distinguish between their own goals and their parents goals for them Adolescents could also adopt a negative identity or an identity based on rejecting parental and societal values CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescence Exam 2 Study Guide Identity as a process Ex A youth who decides they want to be a doctor because his or her parent is a doctor Moratorium a period of delay granted to someone who is not yet ready to make a decision or assume an obligation marked by a period of continual crisis and indecision and individuals in this period tend to be anxious adolescents often uncertain they have selected the right major in college or may be unhappy with their college experience Most college students have a moratorium status and so are actively trying to figure out what they want from their lives Identity achieved those who have experienced a psychological moratorium have resolved their identity crisis by carefully evaluating various alternatives and choices and have come to conclusions and decisions on their own o Critique of Marcia His four statuses do not capture the entirety of the identity concept as envisioned by Erikson Focuses too much on the crisis commitment aspect of identity Fails to address personal continuity Fails to adequately capture the integration of different parts of the self or the sense of unity Identity statuses do not always develop in an exact sequence o Erikson and Marcia have outcome approaches and do not concentrate on the process by which adolescents find their identity o Identity control system Burke a construct that consists of two interpersonal and three intrapersonal components Interpersonal components
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