11 28 2015 Ch 12 Education and School Very diverse No federal educational policy unlike other countries Secondary education is not related to careers Drop out rate History of American Schools 1800s school was for wealthy liberal arts focus 1890 laws about mandatory attendance 1920s Americanize immigrants 1950s preparation for work and life well rounded citizen 1970s Vietnam civil rights 1980s achievement scores 1990s back to basics 2000s No Child Left Behind Trend in the US Education Traditionalists vs Progressives o Traditionalists argue that the purpose of education is to teach o Progressives the purpose of education is to prepare students the basics for life Alternative forms of Education about education Magnet schools school in bad area to attract parents that care Charter schools still get public dollars Vouchers government money that subsidizes private education Tech prep Schools students not going to college Open enrollment can choose and school you want to go to Home Schooling Christian parents in the 80s No Child Left Behind Act 2001 Schools rewarded or punished for test scores Local control increased Expanded options Specific teaching methods promoted Middle Schools Junior highs vs middle schools The middle school slump o Larger than grade schools o More impersonal o Less time spent with one teacher o Less time spent with close friends Avoiding Problems in Middle School Performance goal structure competition is the focus and getting the highest grade not on the process of learning Task mastery structure focus on the effort rather than the grade at the end more likely to value learning and more likely to ask for help from their teachers school climate quality of interaction between teachers and students Characteristics of good schools size atmosphere conducive to learning holding high standards for kids Transition 6 3 3 5 3 4 8 4 is the best the littlest time in between is better teacher s behaviors Direct instruction traditional vs constructivism teacher centered vs child centered constructivism partners in learning meaningful activities communities of learners reciprocal teaching traditional scores better on tests Curriculum college preparatory college focused vocational job focused general not college or job focused Achievement and dropping out why drop out o boredom and alienation common characteristics of kids who drop out meaningless students don t see connection of what they are learning and how it relates to real world normlessness students perceive there are not uniform standards in the school so some get special treatment and some do not so they drop out Achievement and dropping out family responsibilities siblings come home to take care of other siblings truancy you are absent so many times you can t catch up so you graduate o school failure socially promotted so they did not learn what they should have and they get to high school and struggle reading disabilities or math disabilities that go unnoticed engagement being psychologically committed to learning when you are not engaged you drop out SES drop out than whites if someone punches you you punch them back at home if values don t match up they are likely to drop out family relationships self fullfilling prophecy teachers discriminate against lower SES lack positive parental inluences and examples race and ethnicity african americans hispanic and native americans are more likely to congruence between school and home high expectations and warmth is imperative misconduct changing schools divorce families dropouts and employment social ajdustment and peer associations stress low income families sense of academic competence Chapter 13 Work and Vocation Motives for Choice o Psychological reasons feeling good about self praise approval of others independence emotional independence o Philosophical frame fill a purpose in life fill a goal o Service to better society to meet the needs of others o No rational choice most common teens go out and get first job they can get Theories of vocational choice ginzberg s compromise with reality theory o Vocational choice is a development process that occurs not at a single moment but over a long period 3 stages fantasy stage want to be professional athlete not based on skills or reality tentative stage make choices on what they like and what they don t like learn about job requirements how does their future career align with their own values or skills realistic stage explore careers and decide what they want to do Gottfredson s theory o Circumscription and then compromise The career you want may not work with the skills that you have Holland s theory of career selection o Careers based on your personality People influencing vocational choice o Parents even though they pull away from parents they still go to them with big vocational choice Authoritative parents have children with higher salaries o Peers teens choose peers who are similar to them o School personnel influence the choice and can either discourage or encourage following a career paths Gender roes and vocational choice o 3 types of barriers Structural barriers limits a woman s success based on gender discrimination Normative barriers how girls are socialized we expect girls to be quiet more cooperative in class Cognitive barriers there are no significant differences in IQ s Other crucial Determinants o Aptitudes and special abilities o Interests o Job opportunities o Salary o Familiarity o Social status and aspirations o Race ethnicity and aspirations History of Adolescent work o Teens have worked throughout history o End of the 1900s typical experience o Higher rate than other countries o Decreasing 2010 16 of seniors down from the 90s 30 Youth Employment o Most teens work at some point before high school graduation o Girls restaurants and retail stores o Boys landscaping aides with livestock in factories and gas Middle class SES will be more likely to get a job than station lower SES Effects of Employment o The cost benefit ratio seems to depend on 3 factors How many house per week Nature of the job How many weeks per year Less than 10 little effect More than 20 problems Behavior problems psychological functioning o Increased absenteeism o Dropping out o Alchohol and marijuana o Cynical negative attitudes about working Occupational deviance 60 o Positive benefits More likely to get a job after high school Sense of control over their lives Risk factor for impoverished youth Impoverished male adolescents who work
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