Adolescence is a social construction formed by norms and practices of society o Different across cultures o Not biologically based o Ages 10 20 o Significant social significance Navajo rite of passage kinaalda woman passing into adulthood o Start of menstruation o Ceremony starts in the morning o Lay down outside symbolic remolding stretch limbs straighten back o Runs east a quarter mile there and back o Abstaining from pleasurable foods Hamar people of ethipia Bull Jump o Rite of passage to become a man can get married afterwards o Face painting jewelry o Run on the backs of bulls In the US other markers of adolescence o Beginning puberty 1st job entering high school learning to drive o Starting to become adults with supervision and guidance from parents Adolescence begins when a child starts to physically mature puberty o Period of growth between childhood and adulthood o Usually between 11 and 13 years old o Transition from one stage to the other is gradual and uncertain The upper boundary is less clear o Physical maturity end of puberty able to reproduce o Legal status as an adult 18 years old may not be adult like o Attainment of financial and emotional independence o Not very clear 3 phases of adolescent development o Early adolescence is 11 14 o Middle adolescence is 15 to 17 o Late adolescence who are 18 or older with full recognition that come 18 19 20 year olds are truly adults The Evolving family The number of children per family has decreased Typical family has 1 8 children was 2 5 Those who do wait until their mid to late 20s to marry have a greater chance of marital success than those who wed earlier People are less likely to get married at all but those who do are waiting til later More than 1 3 of the men and of the women in the US have not married by age 30 We are in a period of decline right now Divorce rate is still high but is decreasing Increases in divorce from 1960 1980 Changes in family dynamics o More teens will have been raised by single mothers o The number of children per family has decreased o Adolescents have fewer siblings disadvantage no socialization unclear advantage family resources split amongst less children more parent attention and financial resources o Teens are more likely to come from democratic families egalitarian outlook now more women in the workforce more father s taking a more active role in raising children o Increase in non marital cohabitation Adolescence more likely to cohabitate before getting married o More births out of wedlock child before they get married Week 2 Biological Perspective G Stanley Hall o Father of Adolescent Psychology o Storm and Stress o Human life span mirrored evolutionary progression of species o Children are the hunters o Adolescent are savages o DISCREDITED o Important because he is the 1st to focus on adolescence Erik Erikson theory spans the entire lifespan o Psychosocial task to master o Conflict identity vs role confusion o Each task produces conflict o If the conflict is resolved successfully a positive quality is built into the personality and further development takes place If it is not resolved they may have issues with it later in life The overall task of the individual is to acquire a positive ego identity o Identity search a normative crisis Not under immense stress everyone is facing this Personal identity vs identity diffusion Don t know who they are or whats important to them hard to develop goals and meaningful relationships Psychosocial moratorium a societal sanctioned intermediary period between childhood and adulthood Takes place during adolescence and merging adulthood late twenties Doesn t only take place in adolescence Changes when you acquire new social role Bronfenbrenner s ecological perspective o Individuals don t just interact with the environment they are embedded into it o Individuals influence the environment Reciprocal relationship o The world is a series of nested systems Microsystem environments directly involved with the individual Home family school Mesosystem links between parts of the microsystem Link between family and school Exosystem links between the microsystem and the outside system Media government Macrosystem overarching social patterns Societal norms in our culture Formal operational child cognitive development Begins when a child starts to think abstractly Reason hypothetically What if people have no thumbs Ecological System s Video song on YouTube Week 3 Ethnic and Racial Minority Adolescent Challenges Have poorer health outcomes higher rates of obesity diabetes etc o More likely to have physical psychological disparities o More likely to do worse at school less likely to go to college o Discrimination Significant source of stress Higher cortisol levels as a result of stress o Health disparities o Segregation Race and SES intersection More likely to be from low SES Apparent in schools o Educational disparities Lower quality schools have ethnic minority youth May not be going to college New problem college completion not completing A lot of programs have helped increase access Race and SES intersection Race can impact job prestige or income salary o Income gap o Language barriers Strengths Can cause stress Act as a translator for their parents must exhibit adult like behavior o Family Kinship relationships cultural emphasis on families African American families close family friends may not be related but are equal to blood family Social support has positive psychosocial and health outcomes Familism latino families Family is the most important thing in life You do things for your family and you will have their support Respect for elders Consider families when making big life decisions o May not attend college in another state need to stay close Ethnic identity because you are a member of this social group it is visible preperscribed identity positive outcomes when you have a positive view of your ethnic identity o Cultural pride o Collectivism latino and Asian America The whole is more important than the individual Provides support represent your family o Religion Not every minority Specifically latino and African americans high on attending religious events Rely on them as a source of support Provides a means of coping with stress prayer Socioeconomic Status More poor white adolescents than either Asian American African American Hispanic American and Native American adolescents A greater proportion of non white adolescents are more more poor white people
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