CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescent Development Exam 1 Study Guide Note this is a guide it is not intended to be an exhaustive list of exam topics Make sure to read all assigned chapters and view all videos lectures Chapter 1 Approaches to studying adolescents o Cultural rite of passage that each society do through o Eclectic Not putting more emphasis on one part but recognizing that no single discipline o Biological process of sexual maturation and physical growth that takes place during has a monopoly on the truth puberty o Cognitive dealing with both the qualitative changes that take place in the way adolescents think and reason and the quantitative changes that take place in attention memory and intelligence o Psychosexual deals with development of emotions and of the self including the development of self concept gender role and identity o Social Are concerned with the ways teenagers interact with members of their families peers siblings relationship and parenting styles o Major adolescent cohorts and how society shaped their characteristics views etc o Cohorts a group of individuals who are born at approximately the same time and who share traits because they experience the same historical events o Each generation can take on certain characteristics and the current cohort group does Cohorts generations not have enough historical events to shape them o Lost generation Young adults during or just after WWI They were traumatized by the causalities of war o GI Generation Children during the Great Depression and adolescent or young Adults during WWII o Silent Generation o Baby Boomers Born 1925 1940 Characterized as conservative and traditionalist Born after WWII Children of GI Generation Large Cohort because of the huge birthrates after WWII o Generation x Feelings of cynicism and Alienation Small cohorts born 1960 1980s Children of the Baby Boomers CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescent Development Exam 1 Study Guide Often feel neglected by their parents Born 1980 200 Raised by attentive helicopter parents o Generation y o Generation Born after 200 Don t really know the world as a bad place since they are post 9 11 Employment o General employment patterns The number of high school students working is rising rapidly and steadily rising Believed they devote too much time to work and not school The consumer industry knows this and targets adolescence Teen girls spend 54 times more a year shopping about 90 minutes each 40 than the population o Adolescents from low income families They usually feel more rejected than other adolescence are seldom to be elected into prestigious positions and seek status through antisocial behavior Evolving family o General patterns marriage childrearing etc More likely to remain single for more years if they marry at all Much smaller families More likely to cohabit or have children out of wedlock Average age to marry for men in 1970 was 23 2 while women were 20 8 In 2008 for men it was 27 4 and women were 27 6 o Changes in family dynamics Children have fewer siblings to interact with Usually in a one child centered family In 2008 20 of families had one or no children younger than the age of 18 living at home Higher rate of divorce As children get older they want more of a voice Fulfillment of romantic love not just for economic necessity Evolving sexual landscape o Changes in sexual behavior More of an acknowledgment that humans are sexual beings More comprehensive sex courses Development of contraceptives o STDs Many adolescence are more comfortable with sex earlier so they have more partners increase chance of STDs CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescent Development Exam 1 Study Guide Research methods o Pregnancy Higher rates of pregnancy as young adolescents pregnancies are unplanned o Adolescent understanding of sexuality They become more educated but also become more encouraged to learn about their sexuality It is everywhere in the media Become confused about their sexuality Not emotionally prepared for it o Correlations a description of a relationship between two factors that does not imply a casual relationship between them Positive Correlation when one factor increases the other one does as well Negative correlation When one factor increases the other decreases o Experiments and causality True experiment a study which the researcher maintains control to ensure there are no significant differences among his or her groups of participants Causality Quasi experiment a study in which the researcher compares o Longitudinal vs cross sectional research designs Longitudinal study a quasi experiment study in which a group of people are tracked over time as they age Cross sectional study a quasi experiment in which a group of people who are one age is compared with a group who are another age Chapter 2 Psychoanalytic and psychosocial views o Sigmund Freud Individuation o Anna Freud Involves a differentiation of an individuals behavior feelings judgment and thoughts from those of his or her parents Formation of personal identity by the development of the self as unique person separate from parents and others Id Drives ones desires urges one to satisfy according to the pleasure principle Ego sum of those mental processes that aim to safeguard the individual seeks to satisfy the Id Superego conscience stating what is right and wrong opposes the desires of the Id by enforcing moral restriction that have been learned to try to attain a goal of perfection Defense mechanisms strategies used by the ego to protect itself and to discharge tension the Ego represses displaces denies and reverses the instincts and turns them against them self o Erik Erikson Ego Identity identity formation CHD3243 Contexts of Adolescent Development Exam 1 Study Guide Cognitive views o Jean Piaget Adaptation and equilibrium This usually occurs in stage five of his theory but it neither begins nor ends with adolescence but more of a lifelong process Identity diffusion the failure to establish a personal identity Those who fail in the search for an identity will experience self doubt and role confusion such an individual may indulge in self destructive one sided preoccupation or activity Adaptation including and adjusting to new information that increases understanding Equilibrium achieving balance between schemas and accommodation Accommodation adjusting to new information by creating new structures to replace old ones Stages of cognitive development esp Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational
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