Chapter 6 Dimensions of the self Self concept a person s conscious cognitive perception evaluation of himself or herself one s thoughts and opinions about oneself ex I am athletic Transitory self concept these ideas are influenced by the mood of the moment or by a recent or continuing experience Social selves the selves he or she thinks other see which influences how the individual see s himself Ideal self kind of person an individual would like to be Possible selves the different selves we envision our selves becoming Expected selves the people we think we will likely become Feared selves people we are afraid of becoming in the future POSITIVE SELF CONCEPT significant others parents SES race ethnicity gender disabilities stress Identity formation Erikson s seven issues of identity Identity vs role confusion 1 Temporal perspective vs time confusion how their identity was related to their social clock ex how long its going to be til you graduate 2 Self certainty vs self consciousness developing self confidence based on past experiences so that a person believes in himself that there is a reasonable change of accomplishing future aims 3 Role experimentation vs role fixation experiment different roles than become fixated on one role ex family is democratic and you enter into that role fixation 4 Apprenticeship vs work paralysis individuals should explore different career paths 5 Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion It is important that adolescents develop a clear identification with one sex or the other as a basis for future heterosexual intimacy For ex being a mother homemaker is part of development 6 Leadership followership vs authority confusion when you should be a leader and a follower Ideological commitment vs confusion of values healthy identity would have people who are fairly consistent with applying their moral values one must undergo crisis and make commitments to attain a mature identity Marcia 1966 Identity status Identity diffused have not experienced a crisis period nor have they made any commitment in finding an acceptable identity ex selfish hedonistic Foreclosure has not yet experienced a crisis but they have made commitments to occupations and ideologies ex youth who wants to be a doctor because dad is Moratorium a period of delay granted to someone who is not yet ready to 7 make a decision or assume an obligation Identity achieved have experienced a psychological moratorium have resolved their identity crisis Critique of Marcia his four identity statuses do not capture the entirety of the identity concept as envisioned by Erikson focuses too much on the crisis commitment aspect of identity fails to address the sense of personal continuity fails to adequately capture the integration of different parts of the self or the sense of unity identity statuses do not always develop in an exact sequence Identity as a process Identity control system consists of 2 interpersonal and 3 intrapersonal components The interpersonal components include ones social behavior and the interpersonal feedback one gets from others The intrapersonal factors are self concept one s identity standards or beliefs about how one should behave and a comparator that assesses the similarity b t the two 3 styles of identity searching Informational style seeks out diagnostic info and modifies their plans and behaviors Normative style resistant to change and block out discrepant information forclosured adolescents Avoidant style diffused They put off making decisions and evade feedback when they do make decisions they are superficial and short lived Ethnic identity Four possible patterns of acculturation 1 Separation exclusive focus on the cultural values and practices and no interaction with the dominant society 2 Assimilation chooses an identity solely within the culture of the dominant society and to relinquish all ties to his or her ethnic heritage 3 Integration strong identification and involvement with both the dominant and ethnic culture 4 Marginality absence or loss of one s culture of origin and the lack of involvement with the dominant society Phinney and Devich Navarro revised concept of integration Blended biculturalism finds commonalities b t his or her ethnic culture and mainstream society cultures Alternating biculturalism someone who moves back and forth b t the two Fusion merges both cultures into a new coherent whole Developing an ethnic identity Very young children are ethnically unaware Second stage children are ethnically ambivalent downplay the importance of their ethnic background During adolescence ethnic emergence develops they realize that they can t fully join the mainstream When individuals realize that they are a product of two cultures they incorporate their ethnic identities Gender identity Gender schema theory a revised cognitive developmental approach to gender that emphasizes the effects of labeling attention and interest in developing gender beliefs Ex first children learn that they are boys or girls then they pay more attention to gender appropriate objects Social learning theory suggests that a child learns sex typed behavior the same way he or she learns any other type of behavior through a combo of reward punishment direct instruction modeling Ex girls are rewarded when being polite submissive boys are rewarded when fighting and being aggressive Androgyny a blending of male and female characteristics and roles Ex a girl feeling comfortable to change the oil in her car and a guy feeling comfortable cuddling and caring Gender intensification hypothesis the proposal that adolescents feel more pressure than children to behave in gender stereo typical ways Moral development Piaget and children s moral development Two types of studies the need for rules when playing games could these rules be changed Make moral judgments about the characters in a story Concluded that A morality of constraint bell rings the kid knows he has to go inside A morality of cooperation rules are negotiable for a group Piaget moral reasoning judgments First judgment is based solely on the consequences of wrong doing objective judgments Later judgments that take into account intention or motive subjective judgments did you drop the glass on purpose Children moving from a stage of moral realism to one of moral relativism o Moral realism is received morality in which you do what authority figures tell you to do Piaget termed this immanent justice because I said so o Moral relativism
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