CHD 3234 Adolescent Development Chapter One The Social Context of Adolescence Adolescence 08 28 2014 o Begins when a child starts to physically mature puberty o Usually between 11 13 years o the transition from one stage to the other is gradual and uncertain o Menarche girls first period about age 12 o the upper boundary of adolescence is less clear physical maturity attainment of financial emotional independence legal status as an adult 3 Phases o Early Adolescence ages 11 14 o Middle Adolescence ages 15 17 o Late Adolescence 18 Approaches to studying adolescence o Biological o Cognitive Puberty nutritional needs Adolescents who are 18 or older with full recognition that some 18 20 year olds are truly adults Memory problem solving interests o Psychosexual o Social relationship Emotions sense of self sexuality Friendships parent child relations o Eclectic Interdisciplinary approach Changing face of American adolescents o Population is slowly growing o Shrinking relative to other age groups Especially the elderly o Ethnic make up is changing Relatively fewer Caucasians o More living in western and southern states Our evolving society o Cohorts Similarly aged persons who experience the same historic events o Adolescent cohorts since the early 1900s The Lost Generation Adolescents during WWI The G I Generation Children during great depression Adolescents during WWII The Silent Generation Born too late to serve in WWII too early to be unconventional buck authority The Baby Boomers Largest generation Born after WWII Generation X Born in the mid 60s until 1980 Describes feelings of cynicism alienation they felt Generation Y Generation Aka the millennial generation Born between 1980 2000 First generation born post 9 11 The prolongation of adolescence o Many adult life transitions are delayed Stay in school longer Financial dependence on parents Move out of parents home later Marry later Why the prolongation of adolescence o Why Good jobs require skills Sexual permissiveness Parents willing to support longer Maturity Emerging adulthood Evolving communication and information technologies o Computers o The internet Moat adolescents use computers at home or school E mail information chat rooms IM Downsides of social media online bullying o Cell phones Evolving world of work and consumption o Longer work hours o Internet o Increased employment of women including mothers o Increased adolescent employment Leading to increase in adolescent advertisement Evolving educational imperatives o Blacks Hispanics and whites all increase in high school and o Increase in classroom technology o Awareness of the need for career preparation while in high college map school o Increased use of web resources Changes in family dynamics Evolving sexual landscape o More teens will have been raised by single mothers o The number of children per family has decreased o Increase in non marital cohabitation o Out of wedlock births o Children raised by older parents o Divorce Rates are going down highest in 80s with no fault o Positive effects of sexual revolution 1 acceptance of sexual desire 2 scientific knowledge about sexual functioning 3 contraceptives 4 more awareness help of rape and sexual violence 5 flexible gender roles o negative effects of sexual revolution 1 earlier premarital sexual behavior 2 non marital pregnancy 3 high rates of STDs and AIDs evolving safety concerns o increased fear of terrorism o high fear of violent crime in society in the home in schools o violence a major cause of adolescent mortality applying standards of the scientific method o question o hypotheses o research design plan for collecting data o sampling o procedure o methods Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context o G Stanley Hall The father of adolescent psychology Child Study Movement o Research to better the lives of children and adolescents storm and stress o Erik Erikson Psychosocial task to mater Each task produces conflict If the conflict s resolved successfully a positive quality is built into the personality and further development takes place The overall task of the individual is to acquire a positive ego identity o Stage 5 of personality Identity vs diffusion age 11 early 20s A sense of ones current and future self vs lack of commitment and instability Identity search o A normative crisis Personal identity vs identity diffusion Most adolescents go through a Psychosocial moratorium o a societal sanctioned intermediary period between childhood and adulthood emerging adulthood late twenties o Jean Piaget s Theory Children of different ages think differently Changes in cognitive development proceed in distinct stages Each person s cognitive abilities are organized into one coherent His approach is known as the cognitive developmental approach The driving forces behind development from one stage to the next discontinuous mental structure is maturation o Maturation Piaget portrayed maturation as an active process Children seek out information and stimulation in the environment that matches the maturity of their thinking this is in contrast with other theories such as behaviorism which views the environment as acting on the child through rewards and punishments Piagetian Schemes o Schemes Assimilation Occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme Ex Learning not every blue truck is dad Entails changing the scheme to adapt to the new Accommodation information o Piagetian stages Concrete operations formal operations o Ages 7 11 o become more adept at using mental operations which leads to a more advanced understanding of the world o ages 11 15 to 20 o allows adolescents to reason about more complex tasks and problems involving multiple variables o constructing ideas think about an example of a metaphor o how old do you think you were before you understood the symbolism Think about an example of sarcasm o At what age do you think sarcasm is understood o Formal operations in adolescence This stage is pivotal in cognitive development in adolescence Involves the ability to think scientifically and to apply those concepts Task of the pendulum problem o To test formal operations o Children asked what determines the speed of which the pendulum swings Hypothetical deductive reasoning is the ability to arrive and defend an answer Abstract thinking o Other Cognitive Views Lev Vygotsky o Looked at social influences on cognition Children learn better when paired with another child o The zone of proximal development
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