Final Exam Study Guide Ch 11 15 Chapter 11 Sexual Behavior Changing Attitudes and Behavior o Premarital sexual behavior intercourse by age 13 Only about 7 of teenagers have experienced sexual About 30 of 15 17 year olds About 66 70 of 18 19 year olds Correlates Age Race Religion Boyfriend Girlfriend Age at first intercourse Age at puberty Parental behavior relationships Peer standards Siblings Gender Problem behaviors Educational Expectations Socioeconomic status o Having sex earlier than grandparents Not necessarily parents and likely not their older siblings o Today s teens Less likely to have sex at a very young age Less likely to have ever engaged in intercourse Less likely to be currently sexually active Less likely to have had 4 sex partners than teens in the early 1990s o Masturbation Any type of self stimulation regardless of orgasm More common more frequent and more fantasies in males Sex and it s Meaning o Motives Driven by needs that have nothing to do with sex Curiosity Need for affection Feelings of loneliness Need to gain status Confirmation of masculinity or femininity Bolster self esteem Express anger or escape boredom o Pluralistic Society sexual behavior Different individuals accept a number of standards of Meaning of abstinence varies Abstinence until marriage Sex with affection commitment responsibility Sex with affection commitment but not Sex with affection but without commitment Sex without affection responsibility o Sex without affection Some have sex purely for physical enjoyment Some have ulterior motives To punish To win or return favors To control behavior To build up the ego Gender Differences in Ethics o Diminishing but still present females Sexual behavior more acceptable for males than Sex is more OK without love for males Females more likely to link sex and affection 9 of high school students report being hurt by Rates much higher when unwanted sexual activity partner o Sexual Aggression Stranger Rape Acquaintance Rape Date Rape with a date Contraceptive Use o Increasing Rate o Condoms But still more sporadic than adults Most used form Good choice for teens Protect against pregnancy and STDs o Birth control Pills o Withdrawal Second most common form Third most common form Unreliable Why aren t condoms used more often o Negative experiences with them e g insulting o Disregard for risk o Unwillingness to take responsibility for oneself o Perception that condoms are ineffective o Have to be knowledgeable of the method o Have to admit they are sexually active o Don t believe pregnancy will happen to them o Small percentage actually want to get pregnant More afraid of getting pregnant than getting an STD Should Teens have Contraceptives o Legal since 1977 o Availability has minimal effect on sexual activity o Use greatly decreases chances of pregnancy and STDs STDs o Very common 50 of all new STD cases each year to people less than 25 years old o Girls more at risk than boys More likely asymptomatic not have symptoms More likely to contract if partner is infected Five Most Common STDs in the American 15 24 year old population 1 HPV 3 Chlamydia 2 Trichomoniasis Infection of urethra in males Infection of vagina in females Most common Associated with cervical cancer in women Second most common Especially common in teens Urethral damage in males 4 Genital herpes Permanent 5 Gonorrhea Common in teens Pelvic inflammatory infertility in females Infertility pelvic inflammatory disease in females AIDS the body s immune system o Arises after HIV human immunodeficiency virus attacks o 6th leading cause of death o An incubation period of up to 10 years o Spreads through exchange of body fluids o There are treatments but no cure Reason it rarely develops during adolescence Semen saliva blood Unwed Pregnancy the industrialized world o U S has the second highest adolescent pregnancy rate in o Rates are declining o About 20 of sexually active American teenage girls get 15 fewer than in 70s and 80s pregnant each year 80 are unplanned Pregnancy Outcomes o Motherhood 97 of adolescent mothers decide to keep their More likely to babies Poor Have had poor relationship with parents Experienced child abuse Have parents who are substance abusers Have parents who fail to monitor their behavior o Fatherhood Contact usually steadily decreases after the child s More likely birth Poor Done poorly in school Dropouts Have engaged in delinquent behavior Rate lowered May be due to morning after pill More likely among higher SES availability o Abortion o Adoption Those who decide to place their babies for adoption generally feel quite comfortable with this decision o Support system is important for success Gay Lesbian Youth o Majority of gay men recognized their homosexual o Less typical for lesbians to be aware of their homosexuality orientation early in life during adolescence Determinants of Sexual Orientation o Biological Theories structures Brain scans are different differences in brain Genetic differences Exposure to atypical concentrations of prenatal sex hormones o Psychoanalytic Parenting Theories o Social Learning Theories relationship Originally believed it was due to bad parent child Little evidence Depends on psychological reinforcement or What you ve learned been exposed to punishment Homosexuality Adjustment their sexuality rejected even by other homosexuals o More difficult than heterosexual youth to come to grips with o A period of denial o Often isolated lonely unhappy people terrible afraid of Especially those who never accept their condition o No one consistent coming out process followed by gay o Parents are often not supportive o High depression rates youth Sources of Sex Information o Siblings o Teachers Most common 20 Sex education courses o Parents 12 Those that don t Too embarrassed to discuss Deal with it negatively Uninformed and don t know how to explain Afraid it ll lead to experimentation Tell too little too late Set a negative example at home o Relatives o Miscellaneous sources 5 Ch 12 Education and School Trends in U S Education o Traditionalists Argue that the purpose of education is to teach the basics Increase student knowledge and intellectual powers Urge that the purpose of education is to prepare o Progressives students for life Rise of Progressive Education o Progressive education began in 1930s The depression hurt the job market More stayed in school o Push for science due to Sputnik in 1950s This shocked the U S when Sputnik was put in space o
View Full Document
Unlocking...