CHD3243 Exam Two 11 04 2014 Chapter 6 Self concept Identity Ethnicity Gender o Self Concept Self Esteem The self is that part of an individuals personality of which he or she is aware Self concept is a conscious cognitive perception and assessment by an individual of himself or herself o Your smaller viewpoint on how you are in certain areas more transitional from day to day o Ex I m a good athlete but a bad cook Self esteem is a related term that refers to how one feels about oneself it is more evaluative in nature o Overall sense of worth that you have 6 different selves Self Concept o who others think I am o who I think I am o who I really am o who I think others think I am o who I think I will become o who I think others want me to become o Self Concept Self Esteem continued Self concept o It has some stable features but as the same time it undergoes change o Temporary self concept ideas of self are influenced by mood o Importance of a Good Self Concept It motivates and directs one s behavior Oysterman and Markus 1900a 1990b o possible self the identity you wish you could become refers to the future who you might become realistically ex Becoming a nurse o hoped for self o expected self the dream who you hope to become ex Becoming an NFL football player what you will become ex Everyone in your family is obese it s expected you will become obese too o feared self who you do not want to become o Good Self Esteem Correspondence between their self concepts and their self ideals Encourages mental health Promotes positive social relationships Permits academic success Interpersonal competence and popularity o Low Self Esteem Poor social adjustment Not noticed or selected as leaders Do not participate often in class clubs or social activities They do not stand up for their own rights or express their opinions on matters that concern them Experience a good deal of role strain Delinquency o Just a theory research hasn t found proof it relates to low self o Delinquent behaviors are more likely to come from narcissists esteem o Development of a Positive Self Concept Significant others Teachers for adolescents Parents o People that have a good amount of influence in your life ex o Acceptance flexibility support o Warm relationship but with boundaries and rules o Realistic view of their children Socioeconomic status o An indirect effect o Children might think because I m poor I have a harder time succeeding Race ethnicity o Prejudice reduces self esteem Gender boys Disabilities Stress o African American adolescents have highest self esteem o Adolescence girls global self esteem is somewhat lower than o Negative body and cognitive images o Ability to cope with stress alters self concept o Changes in Self Concept Self esteem is lowest in early adolescence o Physically awkward looking o Starting puberty The overall level of one s self concept gradually stabilizes See oneself more realistically Very interested in finding girlfriends or boyfriends Become concerned about and dissatisfied with heir own appearance Factors that affect adolescents self esteem chart in book o Marcia 1966 Identity Status Identity Diffused o People who have not made any type of commitment don t explore opportunities of what they want to be o Ex what do you want to do when you grow up I don t know haven t thought about it Foreclosure o No choice o Ex Everyone goes into the family business so that is what you re going to do Moratorium o Period of delay not ready to make the decision looking at different options no commitments yet Identity achieved o Gone through all the options experienced the crisis and have made the commitment to achieve that career o Usually not until college o Ex Want to be pediatrician so study medicine Focuses too much on commitment crisis aspect o Critiques of Marcia o Identity as a process Identity control system o Consists of two interpersonal and three intrapersonal components o Interpersonal factors Includes ones social behavior and the interpersonal feedback one gets from others Intrapersonal factors Self concept ones identity standards and a comparator that assess the similarity between the two o Ethnic Identity figure 6 3 in textbook 1 separation o exclusive focus on the cultural values and practices o ex Chinatown 2 assimilation 3 integration 4 marginality o chooses to identity solely with the culture of the dominant society and to relinquish all ties to his or her ethnic heritage o strong identification and involvement with both your own culture and with dominant society o absence or loss of one s culture of origin and the lack of involvement with the dominant society o Sex and Gender Sex a biological phenomenon o XX or XY chromosomes Gender the cultural expectations associated with one s sex o Ex That males are more independent than females o Cognitive Developmental Theories Gender Schema theory o Children label selves and objects and boys and girls o Pay attention to labels that match their own Ex Barbie doll is for girls truck is for boys o Children prefer things and behaviors they are familiar with o Act in masculine or feminine ways o Societal Influences Social learning theory o Suggests that a child learns through a combination of reward punishment and modeling o Androgyny o Video Killing Us Softly 4 Ex Father sees son trying on tutu and says no put on cowboy hat instead Little girls have more leeway with androgynous behaviors Parental Identification o A child adopts and internalizes parental values attitudes traits and characteristics A gradual mixture of male and female traits and roles More benefits for females than for males o Studies show the more androgynous a person is the more successful they are more attentive to peoples feelings needs but also more assertive confident Created by Jean Kilbourne Looks at advertisement directed toward women Says things haven t gotten better actually worse except she s not alone in the fight anymore Advertisements tell women the most important thing is our beauty body Women s bodies are objectified ex Turned into beer bottle o Likely to lead to violence 91 of cosmetic procedures are on women food seen as a substitute for sex increased sexualization of young children but parents still refuse to educate them about sex sex is both more important and less important than media makes it seem young girls exposed to sexualization report higher cases of depression eating disorders low self esteem women are supposed to be pure and sexy at the same time
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