CHD3243 Notes Chapter 1 Adolescence A Social Construction practices of a particular society A category that is formed based on the norms and i Marking a woman s passage into adulthood ii No concept of adolescents child on one end then adult on the a Adolescence is a social construction b Different meanings across cultures c No biological base i Somewhat tied to puberty d Period of teen years 10 20 years old e Social significance is present B Markers of Adolescence in Other Cultures a Navajo Rite of Passage Kinaalda other end of passage iii Big ceremony once puberty hits iv Symbolic remolding b Hamar Bull Jump i Created for young men ii Young boys become men iii Run across backs of several bulls C Markers of Adolescence a Gaining of more responsibilities still with guidance i First jobs ii Beginning puberty iii Drivers license iv Entering high school or middle school D Adolescence a Focus on social construction in western culture b Begins when a child begins to physically mature puberty i NOT biologically based just used as a marker c Is the period of growth between childhood and adulthood i People treat you differently ii You feel differently d Usually between 11 13 years of age e Transition from one stage to the other is gradual and uncertain i Not magic moment when it happens ii Different among all individuals f The upper boundary of adolescence is less clear i Physical maturity ii Legal status as an adult 1 When you are 18 iii Attainment of financial emotional independence 1 You can be financially dependent for longer than others g Three Phases of Adolescent Development due to college or first jobs i Early Adolescence 11 14 ii Middle Adolescence 15 17 iii Late Adolescence 18 E The Evolving Family a The number of children per family has decreased i Today families have about 1 8 children b Those who do wait until mid to late 20s to marry have a greater chance of marital success than those who wed earlier i People are waiting longer to get married c More than 1 3 of the men and of the women in the US have no married by age 30 i Could be related to fewer people getting married at all waiting F Changes in Family Dynamics longer to get married a Divorce rates still high however in period of decline now b More teens will have been raised by single mothers i Result of divorce rate and fewer people getting married c Number of children per family has decreased i Adolescents have fewer siblings ii They don t have socializations that come with siblings iii Family resources are distributed over fewer children more attention female roles raising children d Teens will more likely come from democratic families i Coming from families who are less traditional in the male and ii More mothers in work force fathers taking bigger roles in e Increase in non marital cohabitation i Becoming more common to live together before marriage f More out of wedlock birth i Having child before marriage ii Accidental pregnancy at young age or having children before marriage Chapter 2 A Biological Perspective a G Stanley Hall i The Father of Adolescent Psychology 1 First to really study as developmental period ii Storm and Stress 1 time when people are going through great and stressful changes 2 Believed that human life span mirrored the evolutionary progression of animal species a Infants are animalistic in search for basic needs to survive b Adolescents are more of hunters and savage iii His theories have been strongly discredited b Erik Erikson i Theories of development of identity ii Psychosocial task to master iii Each task produces conflict iv If the conflict is resolved successfully a positive quality is built into the personality and further development takes place 1 If not resolved individual theorized to have problems later in life v The overall task of the individual is to acquire a positive ego identity Identity search a normative crisis vi vii Personality identity vs identity diffusion viii Psychosocial moratorium a societal sanctioned intermediary period between childhood and adulthood 1 Time of experimentation to find what your identity is ix Emerging adulthood late twenties c Culture Uri Bronfenbrenner i You must see a person in multiple environments people are embedded and influence environment ii Proposed 5 system with embedded levels iii His ecological model 1 The world as a series of nested systems a Microsystems directly involved with the individual i Home family school ii Places where individual actually goes b Mesosystem involves links between parts of microsystem and school i Relationship between individual s family c Exosystem links between micro and outside i Media government d Macrosystem involves over arching social system patterns i Culture in which we live social norms Chapter 3 Diversity in Adolescent Development A Challenges of Ethnic Racial Minority Youth a More likely to have poorer health outcomes b More likely to do poorly in school c What challenges cause these issues i Discrimination 1 Significant cause of stress 2 Cortisol levels in the body are higher ii Health disparities 1 Minorities have poorer health outcomes 2 More likely to have diabetes 1 More likely to be from a lower social class or economic iii Segregation status iv Educational disparities 1 Lower qualities schools show segregation 2 Minorities don t make it to college 3 Programs created to raise access to college a More minorities are attending college however the number of college completions have no increased 1 All things being equal just the color of skin can affect v Income gap pay and level of jobs vi Language barriers 1 Can cause significant stress 2 Even when minorities speak fluent English still B Strengths of Ethnic Racial Minority Youth experience stress a Family i Kinship relationships 1 Typically seen within African American families 1 Typically for latino familes 2 Family is the most important thing in life i Ethnic identity ii You see higher self esteem and lower depressive symptoms when they are proud of where they come from i Latino cultures and Asian cultures ii The whole or the group is more important than the individual i Latinos African Americans are high on religious tendency and ii Familism b Cultural Pride c Collectivism d Religion activities ii Rely on for a type of support and means of coping C Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Development a Low Socioeconomic Status Category i More poor white adolescents than either Asian American African American Hispanic American and native American
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