Exam Worksheet What is a theory 11 29 2012 Attempts to organize explain and predict crime deviance and or conformity in the simplest way What are the elements of a good theory F its the Facts L ogical Consistency N ot Tautological Creates Interesting Puzzles Has Policy Implications Has Empirical Support G eneralizable P arsimony T estimony B road in Scope What are the main Goals of a Theory Organize Explains Predicts Control example What are the main tenets of Positivist Criminology Give an Crime is caused by biological sociological and psychological factors o Example biological theory What are the main tenets of Classical Criminology Give an example Society is good people are bad o All people are motivated to commit crime People are rational beings o Free will Crimes must be taken care of in a swift severe proportionate to What are the differences between Positivist and Classical crime and certain way o Communication of threat Crime is NOT caused by free will Criminology Please define Crime o Breaking the law Deviance o Going against social norms o Conforming obeying social norms o Societies rules morals folkways taboos etc The 3 sources of data commonly used in criminology Conformity Social Norm Official Data Victimization Survey Offender Survey Define Mens rea o Criminal mind Actus rea o Criminal act Mala in se Mala prohibita Homicide Robbery Auto theft Arson Rape Assault Burglary Larceny o Bad acts in themselves prohibited everywhere murder rape o Something that is prohibited but not everywhere List the 8 Part 1 crimes recorded by the FBI Trace the origins of both the Classical and Positivist school of Criminology Demonological spiritual explanations classical school positive school White collar crime and organized crime What is the difference What is deterrence How is it different from rational choice theory Contemporary of Classical school Pleasure vs Pain o Based on own experience o Knowledge of punishments o Awareness of others sentences o Proportional severity punishments o Celerity o Certainty more effective than severity What are the 3 elements of social disorganization theory How does social disorganization theory connect with collective efficacy theory Define ecological fallacy How does this apply to social disorganization theory Trace the evolution of differential association theory to social learning theory from Sutherland to Akers What is primary and secondary labeling Trace the evolution of Strain theory from Anomie to General Strain theory from Durkheim to Merton to Agnew Be sure to include the main points of each theory What are the 5 techniques of neutralization Who developed this Social Bond theory author and main elements Self Control theory AKA General theory of crime author and main perspective elements Focus on onset desistance and persistence in criminal Developmental theories Sampson and Laub 1993 Moffit 1993 o o o behavior Routine Activities Theory main tenets Motivated offenders Suitable Targets Absence of capable guardians offenders Empiricism o Senses Objectivity o Free from biased Control o Using placebos o Attempt to reduce criminal opportunities by changing peoples routine activities increasing guardianship or incapacitating 3 key principles of crime research investigation Jeopardy 11 29 2012 The best demographic predictor of crime Gender Sex The 3 principles that make criminological research scientific Empiricism objectivity control The four elements of the social bond Attachment commitment involvement and belief Question asked by control theorists Why do people obey the law In learning terms this term increases behavior and this term decreases behavior Reinforcements Punishments Other ways to learn according to Akers Imitation and modeling The difference between Decent and Street families Decent middle class values These crime measures get at the dark figure of crime and deal with issues causes by the crime funnel NCVS Self report and victimization data The four elements of the social bond Attachment commitment involvement and belief Wolfgang and Ferracuti s subculture of violence focuses on explaining this Lower class violent crime This type of learning incorporates imitation and observations of others Social learning What Akers added to Differential Association Operant conditioning Unintended consequences Latent function Primary source of official crime data in the US UCR Difference between Hirschi 1969 and G H 1990 Social bond vs Low self control The main idea of differential association 6th proposition a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions of law violation The criminologist who proposed social learning theory Akers Policy implications Broad scope fits facts NOT tautological Logical consistency Criteria of a good theory Difference between formal and informal social control Formal CJS Informal Others Elements of Routine Activities Lack of capable guardians suitable target motivated offender UCR Part 1 offenses Murder robbery rape assault burglary larceny auto theft and larceny People engage in crime because Their bond to society is weakened or broken How is crime learned according to Sutherland What happens in interactions with others This type of learning incorporates reinforcements and punishments Operant conditioning Most significant turning points according to Sampson and Laub Marriage and employment Earliest explanations of crime What are spiritual demo logical The study of crime is called Criminology Difference between misdemeanor and felony Misdemeanor year in jail Felony year in prison Differential associations have these 4 characteristics Frequency intensity priority duration Pavolv s dogs are an explain of this type of learning Classical conditioning The denial of victim justification implies this What is the victims deserved the injury under the circumstances According to the new face of terrorism chapter in the Cromwell text the majority of research concludes this about most terrorists Most terrorists are psychologically NORMAL Strain of anomie according to Merton What is disjunction between means and goals Crime committed during course of legitimate occupation for one s own belief Occupational crime Re analyzing data already collected Secondary analysis Historical Context of Subcultural Theories 11 29 2012 Culture conflict theory Aka culture deviance theory Clash of values over what is acceptable behavior Differently socialized groups Thorsten Selling 1938 Culture Conflict and Crime Root cause of crime
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