Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda II CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Labeling Theory What is the focus of labeling theory compared to traditional theories of crime Labeling theory looks at the reactors the people doing the labeling teachers parents Sanctions a punishment of offenders we lose focus on the actors involved a lot of criminal behavior was taken for granted What are some of the social historical issues that made labeling theory popular Civil rights racial inequality social and poverty intellectual content self reported studies distrust of state government What are the two primary questions asked by labeling perspectives Sensitizing perspective changes people perception Making people senstivie to other factors Critical conflict different values disagreements vs consensus agreements Questions 1 How people get labeled specifically 2 What are the effects of labeling affecting the future behavior a Why certain racial ethnic socioeconomic classes age neighborhood Basic argument of labeling theory Idea that our individual identities are shaped by our interaction with the world positive and negative labeling How people react to you self fulfilling prophecy Conflict Theory broad umbrella What is the focus of conflict theory compared to traditional theories of crime Focus on criminal justice system rather than offenders and criminals Based on conflicts based on different groups What is the basic difference between conflict and consensus perspectives Conflict emerging to exercise controls over particular situations or events competing for access to resources money law Consensus legislatures Used to constrast with conflict theories Consensus everyone in society shares the same view we all agree on the law Law value neutral law is impartial Conflict laws upper class The higher the social class structures the more powerful in society social stratification Ex Cooperate crime often committed by higher status people and trials are handled in civil law Conflict vs Consensus how theories view society and how it is organized how law affects our social organization Power Threat Theory Threat social control Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda Threats growing numbers political representation economic criminal certain individuals who were stereotyped Threat Hypothesis Majority white vs Minority black As threats increase majority responds by increasing social control social control police forces police expenditures arrests prosecutions convictions social control formal more deliberate criminal justice informal discrimination segregation What are some of the social historical issues that made conflict theory popular Civil rights Movement women gay rights workers and students Watergate scandal distrust of government deinstitutionalization was a product of this Basic argument of conflict theory Law is a resource exercised by someone in power Gender Feminist Theory What are some of the reasons feminist theory became popular in criminology Women s liberation womens rights movement battered women Women were under represented How has feminist theory influenced operation of the justice system Feminist criminologist People started studying different crimes that affect women disproportionally such as domestic violence Feminist lobbied to have laws changed Police used to view domestic violence as issues in the family circle not needing to get involved in their business police changed their policies and going beyond than just making arrest starting making them mandatory arrest How has feminist theory influenced theories of crime and female offending Women s Liberation Hypothesis as women became more equal more crime would occur by women Social Learning Theory Sutherland differential association theory Interaction with others and what is learned are definitions value motives and techniques how to Main Point Ratio of favorable violation vs non favorable to law violation Associations vary by frequency duration priority and intensity Akers what does he contribute to Sutherland s original theory Reinforcement increase behavior positive giving adding ex reward of money statuus adrenaline satisfaction negative Removing something ex removal of pain stimulus adversive stealing something to avoid hunger Punishment decrease in behavior ex jail negative ex loosening innocence removal of reward Added limitation model people can learn through limitiation and model of others Discriminative Stimuli cues signals habit Schedules reinforcvcemtn occurs at different rates Encompasses deterrence a classical school reference both specific and general Reinforcements can be actual or antipated Distant reference groups media televisions and movies can learn through the media Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda One s position in social structure determines exposure to different defintions and types of learning Understand principles of operant conditioning reinforcement positive negative and punishment positive negative Social Control Theory What is the basic assumption of all social control theories Everyone is capable of crime The difference in human nature to mechanisms of crime Human nature is essentially criminal Be able to explain what Durkheim meant when he said that crime is functional and when he referred to a society of saints Crime is functional has a purpose creates boundaries for other people Society of saints to explain that theres still crime but it has a different definition There would still be some kind of behavior that would be abnormal What is the difference between social control and self control Self control internal beliefs morals Social control sanctions formal societies reaction peers family workforce ego What four things does Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency criminal behavior Attachment important for creating conformity even when those others are deviant themselves greater social bond less crime parents teachers peers Involvement degree of activity available for conventional unbehavior how busy people keep greater involvement less crime Commitment investment time money education family relationships Belief respect attitudes toward right and wrong What do Gottfredson Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency criminal behavior Internal control talk about what leads to development of self control parenting appropriate parenting is consistent which leads to stable self control The lower the self control the higher the levels of analogous behavior and crime higher
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