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CCJS105Exam 2NamesNames• Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) ◦ “On Crime and Punishment”◦ Main founder of Classical Criminology ▪ humans are rational beings so they commit crime ▪ they commit crime if the benefits of the crime outweigh the punishments◦ Deterrence Research-▪ 1) Effects of policies- on specific crimes in specific places. rational choice, weighing the reward and costs. Punishments should be proportional▪ 2) Relationship between objective risks and perceived risks.▪ 3) Policies in jurisdictions and their effect on crime rates.◦ Becarria principle ideas1. Role of legislatures should be to define crimes and specific punishments2. Role of judges should be to determine guilt 3. Seriousness of crime should be determined by extent of harm on society4. Purpose of punishment is to deter crime and punishment should be proportionate to seriousness of crime5. Punishment is unjust when the severity exceeds what is necessary to determine deterrence6. Excessive severity fails to deter crime and actually increases it7. Punishments should be prompt8. Punishments should be certain• Cesare Lombroso◦ did not have supported theories but did collect a lot of data◦ “Born Criminal”--◦ Positivist Criminology- crime committed because of biological, social, and psychological factors◦ “atavism”-biological throwback -criminals were less evolved◦ He extended the tradition of physiognomy and phrenology by studying all anatomical features not just face and shape of skull◦ Wrote the book “The Criminal Man” in which he argued that various physical characteristics were linked to crime that resembled characteristics of lower animals such as monkeys and chimpanzees1. Deviations in head size and shape2. asymmetry of face3. large jaws and cheekbones4. unusually large or small ears; ears that stand out from head5. fleshy lips6. abnormal teeth7. receding chin8. abundant hair or wrinkles9. long arms10. extra fingers or toes11. asymmetry of the brain· >>>>>>>>Argued there were three major classes of criminalsi. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Born criminals: mostly male but females were even worse, more hairangry facial features, better eyesight, less sensitivity to pain and touch, more visual learner ii. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Insane criminalsiii. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Criminaloids ( criminals who do not have any special physical or mental characteristics but whose mental and emotional makeup are such that under certain circumstances they engage in criminal behavior; said to be the majority of criminals)/: don’t really want to commit crime but are persuaded by others similar to the insane criminal • Emile Durkheim (organic/mechanical society)◦ Argued that inequality is a natural and inevitable human condition that is not associatedwith social maladies, such as crime, unless there is a social breakdown of social norms or rules which he called “anomie” and argued it occurred in his society as aresult of the rapid and social changes accompanying the modernization process◦ Focused on society and its organization and development◦ Wrote “The Division of labor in Society” in which he described the process of social change as part of the development from the more primitive “mechanical” form of society into the more advanced “organic” form◦ Argued that all societies were at some stage between the mechanical and the organic, with no society totally being one or the other◦ Anomie - a term meaning without law, to describe a lack of social norms• Phineas Gage◦ had a railroad spike go through his head◦ before he was nice and after he was unapproachable◦ Shows that brain functions can have an effect on criminality and damages to the brain can change the criminal tendencies• Travis Hirschi◦ Causes of Delinquency (1969)◦ social control theory emphasizes bonds made with family, school, and peers◦ 4 main elements of the bond (KNOW THESE FOR TEST) - CABI (commitment, attachment, belief, involvement)▪ attachment- emotional/affective bond, “psychological presence”▪ commitment- rational component, consequences, those with nothing to lose canbe deviant▪ involvement- “idle hands”, weakest element of the bond▪ belief- in the moral worth of society’s laws• Gottfredson and Hirschi◦ A General Theory of Crime (1990)◦ ONLY determinant of crime is a lack of “self-control”◦ Focus of control moved from external relationships to an internal mechanism◦ Self-control is established in childhood through parent socialization◦ it remains stable from the age of 8 until death; enduring trait• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1678 [social contract])◦ The society agrees to help deter crime and work against acts of delinquency. Creates a bond between members of an area that helps prevent deviance◦ social contract - man is rational, if the benefits outweigh the punishment• Kornhauser◦ social disorganization produces delinquent subcultures which sustain delinquent valuesthat are passed on◦ delinquency results from a community’s inability to regulate behavior◦ three attributes of a disorganized community▪ poverty▪ racial/ethnic heterogeneity▪ high residential mobility (language differences, moving, lack of community)• Robert Merton◦ (1964) United States: we encourage--almost demand that people be financially successful if they are to be well regarded◦ Crime can be produced among those who are well off by the “anomia of success”, which, he said, “arises when progressively heightened aspirations are fostered by each temporary success and by the enlarged expectations visited on [successful people] by associates” (Merton, 1964:225)◦ .voices the problem of “pressure created by the discrepancy between culturally inducedgoals and socially structured opportunities”◦ assumes that criminal motivation is not inherent◦ defines anomie as the “contradiction between the culture and the social structure of society”▪ societal forces produce pressures to obtain▪ everyone is expected to meet this standard no matter what class▪ there are weak regulations on how this imperative is to be met• Shaw & McKay (Chicago School)◦ delinquency is closely related to the process of invasion, dominance, and succession▪ when a location of a city is “invaded” by new residents, the relationships that bind that location to a “natural area” are destroyed▪ this causes the natural organization of the location to be severely


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UMD CCJS 105 - Exam 2

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