CCJS105 FINAL EXAM WORKSHEET1. Theory: attempts to organize, explain, and predict crime, deviance, and/or conformitya. Not tautological (circular)b. Policy implicationsc. Empirical supportd. Fits the factse. Must be observablef. Must be replicatedg. Main goals: control, organize, predict, explain (COPE)2. Positivist Criminologya. Crime not caused by free willb. Crime caused by biological, sociological, psychological factorsc. Scientific approach = objective and systematicd. EX: Lombroso’s Born Criminali. People born with innate tendency to commit crime (homo delinquens)ii. Asymmetrical skull, flattened nose, large ears, fat lips, big jaws, high cheekbones, Mongolian eyes, tattoos, slang3. Classical Criminologya. People choose to engage in crimeb. Weigh positives and negatives (rational)c. Prevent crimes through punishmentsd. All people motivated to commit crime; free wille. Most notable thinker = Beccaria4. Crime: violation of criminal law5. Conformity: adherence to social norms6. Deviance: violation of social norms7. Social norm: expectations of/for behaviora. 4 types:i. Folkwaysii. Moresiii. Lawsiv. Taboos8. 3 sources of data used in criminology:a. Official Data (known to police) = Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)b. Victimization Data = National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)c. Self-report data9. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) a. Always 2 years behindb. Compiled by FBI since 1930c. Part I Offense: “Index Crimes”i. VIOLENT PERSONAL CRIMES1. Homicide2. Forcible rape3. Robbery4. Aggravated assaultii. PROPERTY CRIMES1. Burglary2. Larceny3. Motor vehicle theft4. Arsond. Part II Offenses = other offenses10.National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) a. Alternative to UCRb. Extensive information on offenses (relationship with victim, use of alch/drugs, etc)11.National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) a. Taps into dark figure of crime (crimes not reported to police)b. Detailed info about offenses: contexts of crime + characteristics of victimsc. Data collected through interviewsd. Households selected randomly, every 6 months for 3 yearse. Only includes age 12 and olderf. More accurate estimate of crime than UCR12.Differences b/w UCR and NCVSa. NCVS reports much more violent crimei. UCR does not include simple assaultb. NCVS doesn’t include homicide, white-collar/corporate crime13.Self-Report Surveys a. Surveys with offendersb. Purpose = collect data independently of police14.Mens rea: criminal mind; desire to commit criminal act15.Actus rea: actual criminal act16.Mala in se: crimes across board; inherently evil17.Mala prohibita: crimes according to certain societies (drinking age)18. Deterrence: prevention of crime through fear of punishmenta. Based on Classical school principlesb. Involves rational calculation (pleasure vs. pain)c. Punishments must involve:i. Proportional severityii. Celerity (swiftness)iii. Certaintyiv. Punishment must be made publicd. Key = communication of threate. 2 types of deterrence:i. ABSOLUTE: person remains from committing crime throughout lifeii. RESTRICTIVE: some time period person will refrain from committing crime (speeding in camera zone)f. Found that deterrence does not really work19.Routine activities theory: lifestyles contribute to volume + type of crime20.3 elements of routine activities theory:a. Motivated offendersb. Suitable targetsc. Absence of capable guardians21.Originals of Positivist schoola. Darwin = origin of speciesb. Lombroso = main thinkeri. Some people born with innate tendency to commit crimec. Anthropometry = science of measuring body parts22.Social disorganization theory:a. Population instabilityb. Ethnic/racial heterogeneity (lack of informal social control)c. Poverty23.Collective efficacy: willingness of residents to exercise informal social control, mutual trust, social cohesiona. Not just opposite of social disorganization24.Ecological fallacy : macro level predictors to evaluate individual behaviors25.EVOLUTION OF STRAIN THEORYa. Durkheim: “anomie” = norm confusioni. Deviance is necessaryii. People want norms to govern/regulate behaviorb. Merton: main American goal = financial successi. Lack of legit means for accomplishing goalii. Crime = strain between means and goalsc. Agnew: other stressors lead to straini. Anger b/c of limited opportunities devianceii. Characteristics of strain:1. Perceived as unjust2. High in magnitude3. Associated with low self control4. Create pressure/incentive for criminal copingd. Adaptations to strain:i. LEGITIMATE1. Conformist: keep on doing right thing2. Ritualist: still accepting of legal means, reject goalsii. ILLEGITIMATE1. Innovator: do crimes to achieve material success2. Retreatist: reject goals and means (drug addicts)3. Rebels: blame system (political radicals, terrorists)26.Differential association theory = Sutherlanda. Criminal behavior learned through interactions with othersb. Main learning in intimate groupsc. Person becomes criminal when definitions favorable to violating the law exceed those unfavorable to violating lawd. Differential associations vary in duration, priority, frequency, intensitye. Criminality cannot be explained by general needs/values27.Social learning theory = Akersa. All behavior learned through operant conditioningb. Can occur in nonsocial situations (ex. Drug use)c. Principle part of learning occurs in groups (groups provide reinforcement)d. Social learning through reinforcement (increase behavior) and punishment (decrease behavior)28. Five categories of NEUTRALIZATION – Sykes + Matzaa. Denial of responsibilityb. Denial of injuryc. Denial of victimd. Condemn the condemnerse. Appeal to higher loyalties29.Social bond theory = Hirschia. Everyone feels urges to commit crimeb. People act on motivation b/c they are released from restraintc. People with strong social bond do not commit crimed. 4 elements:i. Attachmentii. Commitmentiii. Involvement (in pro social activities)iv. Belief (in morality of law)30.General theory of crime (self-control theory)a. By Gottfredson and Hirschib. Explanation of crime from social control to individual’s lack of personal self-controlc. Examined characteristics of crime and criminalsd. Criminal tendency must be acquired early in life and must be stable over timee. Only patterns: crime declines with agef. Low self control does not require crimeg. People born with low self controli. Learn restraint by age 8 by effective parenting31.Life course theoriesa. Crime = developmental processb.
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