CCJS EXAM 2 REVIEW1. Stable addicts who engage in crime as a means to sustain their habits developthese 3 types of skillsa. Intuitive, technical, and social skills2. Sheldon’s criminal body typea. Mesomorph 3. Definition of target hardening and an examplea. Reduction in criminal opportunityb. Example: alarm system, fences4. Criteria of a good theorya. NOT tautological (circular), policy implications, empirical support, fitsthe facts5. All 8 UCR index crimesa. Murder, robbery, rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson6. Merton’s 5 adaptationsa. Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion7. 3 key principles that make research scientifica. Empiricism, objectivity, control8. 3 elements of routine activities theorya. Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardian9. Term: shape of skull affects criminal involvementa. Phrenology10. Merton’s straina. Disjuncture between means and goals (opportunities blocked)11. When offenders mutually and immediately recognize an appealing targeta. Target convergence12. The “facts” a good theory must fita. Age-crime curve, sex differences, unmarried people, large cities13. Best demographic predictor of criminalitya. Gender14. Key thinker; wrote The Criminal Mana. Lombroso15. Simple explanation for complex phenomenona. Theory 16. Regarding capital punishment, what is the “Brutalization Effect”a. Death penalty increases crime (latent function!)17. Term: willingness to exercise informal social controla. Collective efficacy18. An example of a social network used by hackers as a source of information (discussed in Cromwell)a. BBS (??)19. Beccaria’s 3 criteria of effective punishmenta. Swift, certain, and proportionally severe20. Unintended consequencesa. Latent functions21. Positivist theories require this evidencea. Empirical research22. Earliest explanations of crimea. Spiritual/demonological23. 3 elements of social disorganizationa. Poverty, residential transition (people moving in an out), heterogeneity (lots of different people)24. Driving through one’s neighborhood, looking for wifi points, to get information about wifi access is an example ofa. Wardriving25. T/F: classical school adherents believe forces beyond a person’s control impact crime decisiona. False26. Study of law making, law breaking, and how we can controla. Criminology 27. Social disorganization theory: highest crime rate in this zonea. Zone 228. Using computer expertise to access university email passwords and thinking this is okaya. Hacking 29. 4 purposes or goals of criminological theorya. COPE (control, organize, predict, explain)30. Positivism is focused on thisa. Scientific method31. Agnew’s key emotiona. Anger32. The group most likely to be victimizeda. Young black males33. Rationalizations or techniques of neutralization use by nurses when they stole hospital suppliesa. No one was harmed, fringe benefit, helps serve patient better34. According to Cohen, reaction formation leads to this type of behaviora. Malicious and negativistic35. Agnew’s 3 sources of straina. Traditional strain, presence of noxious stimuli, removal of positively valued stimuli36. Burglars use these cues to assess potential risks and rewardsa. Environmental cues37. According to Black (1970), people are more likely to make a report when:a. Victim asks, victim is polite, victim has high SES, more serious crime, when victim and offender are strangers38. Trust and willingness to intervenea. Collective efficacy 39. Merton’s adaptation that accepts goals and meansa. Conformity40. Policy implication of bio theories; involuntary sterilizationa. Eugenics movement41. Using more than 1 research methoda. Triangulation 42. Visibility and accessibility are (according to Cromwell and Olsen) important in the decision to commit this type of crimea. Burglary 43. Merton’s adaptation rejecting both goals and means (ex. Drug use)a. Retreatism44. Common problems of early biological theoriesa. Many studies based on small, biased samples; not all bio differences inherited; weak operationalization45. Primary source of official statsa.
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