RecapDevelopmental vs. Life Course TheoriesPopulation Heterogeneity vs. State DependenceAge-Graded Theory of Informal Social ControlSampson and Laub (1993)Need to focus on entire life course, not just adolescenceGlueck’s data on 500 juvenile delinquentsMixed-method study of men into their 70sAge-Graded TheoryKey Concepts:TrajectoryTransitionsTurning pointsWhy age-graded?Different social bonds matter depending on your stage in the life courseThree HypothesesWeak Informal Social Control explains delinquency in childhood and adolescenceStability in offending is due to cumulative disadvantageMarriage to a “good woman” ceases crimeEmpirical SupportSupported using the Glueck dataSupport for the role of social bonds in childhoodSupport for the role of good marriage and good job on desistanceCriticismsSelf-selection into adult social bonds?What is marriage effect?Desistance or displacement of ASB?Is propensity or opportunity changing?Policy ImplicationsWhat are some policy implications?PreventionIncapacitationPolicies to improve adult social bondsMarriage, employmentViolent CrimesWhat is criminal violence?Not everyone agrees on definitionCommon theme: use or threat of force on a victim by an offenderAreas of interest: Frequency, methods used, distributionViolent CrimesMurder and HomicideRobberyForcible RapeAssault and BatteryThe Many Degrees of MurderFirst DegreePremeditation and DeliberationFelony MurderSecond DegreeDisregard for victim’s lifeManslaughterVoluntaryInvoluntary or negligentMulticideMultiple murders committed by one personSerial KillersPerson who kills 3 or more victims in 3 or more separate eventsClassifying Serial KillersOrganized (White, Middle-Aged Man; DEXTER!) vs. Disorganized (Women, Not intelligent, Quiet; Jeff Dommer)Thrill killers: enjoy seeing people sufferMission killers: DexterExpedience killers: protection, profitMass MurdersKilling of 4 or more victims in a single event by one or a few personsSpree KillersKilling of multiple victims over a short span of timeRobberyTaking of property from a victim by forceThe Armed RobberMost are opportunistic rather than professionalEvidence for rational choiceAcquaintance RobberyRobber knows victimForcible RapeCarnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her willNot always considered a crime against womenMisperceptions of rapeNon-reporting is a common problemClassifications of RapeTypes of RapistsAnger, Power, SadisticTypes of RapePolitical Violence and TerrorismFour TypesTerroristAchievement of political goalsGuerillaOverthrow or replace existing governmentInsurgentControl territory and political powerRevolutionaryGain independence or oust existing governmentContemporary Forms of TerrorismOklahoma City BombingHamasHezbollahOsama Bin LadenE.L.F.Columbia Guerilla GroupCauses of Violent CrimeWhat are some factors that may cause or contribute to violent crime?Personal traitsIneffective familiesEvolutionary factorsExposure to violenceSubstance useFirearm availabilityCultural and/or natural valuesTheory and Violent CrimeWhat theories could we use to explain violent crime?Biological and Psychological trait theories (Serial Killers)Policies to address violent crimeWe know violent crime is:Often intimate and a result of situational factorsConcentrated among a small group of chronic offendersWhat are some ideas for policy?Stricter gun controlProperty CrimeRates have been declining since 1973Higher securityBetter technologyCredit cards cancelled easilyContemporary ThievesOccasionalShort (if any) criminal historyTake advantage of situational inducementsEasily deterredProfessionalLong criminal historiesSpecialists who plan their crimesLess easily deterredLarcenyTaking the property of another for one’s own use“Trespass in taking”Most prevalent crime in the USTypes of larcenyPettyGrandLarceny takes many formsLarceny in the USUCR6.2 million reported21% clearance rateNCVS11.2 million estimated32% reported to policeEstimated $6.1 billion takenShopliftingTaking good from retail storesMany are not motivated by needShoplifters can be divided intoSnitchersBoostersPreventing ShopliftingSituational Crime PreventionTarget removal strategiesTarget hardening strategiesMotor Vehicle TheftEstimated loss of 4.5 billion last year737,000 in 2010Common motivations for occasional offendersJoyridingShort and long term transportationProfitCommission of another crimeMotivations for professional offendersMoneyPreventing MVTSituational crime prevention (Lo-Jack, CCTV)Bad ChecksCashing bad checks to obtain moneyCheck forgers can be classified asNaïveSystematicFraudMisrepresentation of a fact that causes a deceived victim to give money to the offenderFraud vs. LarcenyNo “trespass in the taking”Many different formsCon games, insurance fraud, etc.BurglaryUnlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theftWide range of offendersJuvenile- randomOpportunistic- prosRates have declined since early 1980sTypes of BurglarsProfessional (box men)Known burglarsYoung burglarsJuvenile burglarsJunkiesAbout 2/3 of residential occur during daytimeCommercial burglary occurs mostly at nightDecker and Wright (1996)- 105 active burglars:2/3 had committed burglary for <10 years7% had committed burglary for 50+ yearsMany said they followed “script”Many dispose of it quicklyArsonWillful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicleDifficult to measureJuveniles are most likely to be involvedMany motives for commissionTheory and Property CrimeWhat theories best explain property crime?Strain theorySocial learning theoryPolicies to Address Property CrimeWhat sorts of policies/strategies would be the most effective…For property crime overall?For occasional offenders?ADT security systemsFor professional offenders?Increase penaltiesShould we be more concerned with the many occasional offenders or the few professional offenders?White Collar CrimeIllegal activities of people whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate occupationTwo typesOccupational CrimeCorporate CrimeWhite Collar Crime: OriginsWhite Collar Crime unheard of in the 1930sCrime was thought to be a lower-class problemSutherland (1940)Crime committed in course of occupationUndertaken by person of respectabilityChanging Perceptions of White Collar CriminalsWCC was not seen as something seriousUntil the mid to late 1960sPublic mistrust of those in powerIncreased attention on crimes of the powerfulComponents of White Collar CrimeFraudsUse of occupational position to trick others out
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