Violence· Violence is aggressive behavior with the intent to cause harm (physical or psychological)· Types of Violence:◦ Expressive: Goal is to cause harm◦ Instrumental: Goal is other than to harm (classical theories apply) Homicide: Killing of one human being by another· Justifiable homicide: Unlawful act of killing that can be justified; police shooting or self-defense · Criminal homicide1. First degree murder : Intent to effect death, deliberate and premeditated2. Second degree murder : Intent to effect death, not deliberate or premeditated3. Manslaughter : Unlawful killing of a person without malice▪ Voluntary: Intentional▪ Involuntary: Unintentional (vehicular homicides)Murder: Intentional killing of another person with malice afterthought- Killing in the course of an applicable felony- Requires no intention to kill- Often first degree · Multiple murders◦ 1. Serial murder: the killing of several victims in 3 or more separate incidents separated by weeks or more◦ 2. Mass murder: the killing of four or more victims at one location on a single occasion ◦ 3. Spree murder: killing at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders· Homicide has the highest rate of detection and clearance rates of arrest· Victim Precipitation: When the victim is the one that begins the altercation and they threaten or use violence resulting in their own injury.· Nearly all murders arise from some form of aggravated assault◦ Highest in the southern states◦ Dipped after 1993; resurged in 1960s declined in 1990sOther Forms of Violence:1. Workplace violence◦ 2nd most common cause of on-the-job deaths◦ Accounts for 18% of total violent crime◦ Assault is most common◦ Police officers- Highest risk of victimization followed by correctional officers, taxi drivers, private security...2. School violence◦ Highest in U.S.◦ The probability of being killed at school is low◦ Has declined in the 1990s3.Spouse Abuse◦ 85% of intimate abuse victims are females◦ Survey: 1 of every 6 couples experiences at least one physical assault/ year◦ One half of the domestic assault incidents not reported ◦ Characteristics of abusers▪ Alcohol/ drug abuse▪ Having been an abused child▪ Economic problems◦ Some evidence that formal action (arrest and prosecution) is most effective intervention4.Child Abuse◦ Leads to high risk of offending later on◦ Most common in lower-income families (fewer resources)◦ Difficult to measure the extent of child abuse (child victims rarely report to police)◦ Interventions not effective because children cannot leave home5. Elder Abuse◦ Increasing because of growing population of elderly◦ Types (based on living arrangements):▪ Domestic▪ Institutional▪ Self-neglect6. Robbery◦ Violent crime but ultimate purpose is property◦Conklin’s Typology7. Sexual Assault◦Violent Crime◦Under-reported because victims know offenders, there is a stigma attached, and fear◦Types:▪ Stranger▪ Date/acquaintance▪ StatutoryBurglary· Highest and lowest income households victimized· Timings- during night in buildings, daytime in houses· Low clearance rate (12.5%)· Decreasing in last 3 decadesLarceny· A trespass taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent todeprive the owner of the property permanently · Largest category of the UCR index· Pocket-picking & purse snatching are least common because face to face with victim· Shoplifting and motor vehicle theft are more common because they are less confrontational1. Shoplifting· “Boosters” are professional vs. “Snitches” who are opportunists· Most retail thefts involve employee pilfering goods (60% of inventory shrinkage) · Fence: a person who buys stolen property for resale2. Motor vehicle theft· Most regularly reporter of larcenies (90%)• Police reports required for insurance reimbursement · Typology of auto theft• Joyriding: mostly by juveniles, likely to be recovered• Short-term transportation• Long-term transportation• Profit-motivated- “chop shop”· “Target hardening”- routine activity theory 3. Amateur thieves• Occasional offenders• Little skill, little risk• Unplanned, motivating by pressing situations• Not professional criminals, lead a conventional life4. Professional thieves• Make a career of stealing, take pride in their profession • Well-developed technical skills• Learn from others and protect othersArson· Any willful or attempted malicious burning of a structure, vehicle, aircraft, or property of another· Types· Profit motivated· Revenge· Vandalism· Crime concealment· Sabotage· ExcitementWhite Collar Crime· Sutherland: Theories that only explain lower-class crime are inadequate because they cannot explain business crime; hard to study because the companies have the power to shape what lawspass and how existing statutes are enforced · Little is known about the extent of these crimes· Our primary sourced of data such as the UCR and the NCVS do not include much information about corporate and occupational crimes· Occupational Crime: Personal violation that takes place for self-benefit during the course of a legitimate occupational (Embezzlement- a theft from an employer by an individual who is in a position of financial trust, employee pilferage)· Corporate Organizational Crime: Crimes committed by officials on behalf of the employing organization (price fixing, tax violations, sale of unsafe products, corporate dumping, fraud against government) (Enron) ▪ The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): forbids restraint of trade and the formation ofmonopolies; makes price fixing a felony ▪ Corporate crime is mostly controlled by regulatory agencies◦ Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA)◦ Criticisms of regulatory agencies:1. Reliance on records from organization being regulated2. Fines are too small3. Criminal penalties rarely used 4. Some regulatory agency employees have an interest in representing the interest of the corporations · Theories of White Collar Crimes▪ Exposure to a criminal culture◦ Sutherland's differential association theory▪ Competitive financial world◦ Merton's anomie theory •Excessive emphasis on financial achievement could weaken morals •Money laundering: Common in casinos1. Placement2. Layering3. Integration•Investigative procedures:◦ Financial analysis◦ Following paper trails◦ Electronic
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