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Introduction to Criminology: Final Exam Study Guide (non-cumulative portion)Presented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 100 question multiple-choice examination. 40 questions or so will be drawn from the list below. Unlike the cumulative list posted earlier, this list is not exhaustive. This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included. Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the last exam as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion.NamesRobert K. MertonSocial structure of anomieStructurally induced strainCriminal motivation is not inherent; it must be explainedSocietal forces produce pressures to obtain- endsEveryone is expected to meet this standardThere are weak regulations on how this imperative is to be met- meansAccess to legitimate means is limitedCollege, corporate employment, family connectionsDesire for social mobility leads to devianceAdaptation to achieve endsConformityAcceptance of culture goals & institutionalized meansInnovationMuch criminal behaviorAcceptance of culture goalsRejection of institutionalized meansRitualismMaintain outward conformity to norms, mitigate strain by scaling down their aspirations to the point where the ends can be reached comfortablyAcceptance of institutionalized meansRejection of culture goalsRetreatismRelinquish allegiance to both the cultural success goal & norms prescribing the meansRejection of culture goals & institutionalized meansRebellionReject but also wish to change the existing systemRejection of culture goals & institutionalized meansKarl MarxRadical, critical, or conflict criminologyClass divisions, capitalismBourgeois- own the means of productionProletariat- the workersConflict of interests between different groups will be increased by inequality in the distribution of scarce resourcesImbalance will inevitably produce revolt- precipitated by class consciousnessCapitalism as the root of the conflictSource of unjust equality Greater integration & regulation would tend to perpetuate an unjust economic systemSolution- destroy capitalism & build toward one just form of social solidarity- communismEdwin H. SutherlandDifferential association theory9 principlesSociologicalCommunity environment plays a key role in crime & delinquencyPeople socialized in disorganized neighborhoods are likely to have associations that will encourage criminal adaptationsBut- not limited to explaining lower class crimeCrime is normal rather than pathological & is learned in interaction with othersCriticismsTestabilityCausal frameworkBreadthRonald AkersSocial learning theoryIncorporates operant conditioning4 key elements that help to shape behavior (social learning theory)Differential associationsProcess detailed by SutherlandDefinitionsApply to one’s own attitudesOrientations, rationalizations, definitions of the situation, & other evaluative aspects of right & wrongDifferential reinforcementActual or anticipated consequences of engaging in specific behaviorImitationCan occur independent of the learning processMay just be for first-time or exploratory behavior than it is for continued behavioral patternsHoward BeckerBecker’s outsidersA special kind of person who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on the groupSociety views delinquents as outsiders while delinquents can view society as outsiders(Mis)applications of the labelConformistPure deviant- labeled as deviantsSecret deviant- never caughtFalsely accused- do not do deviant acts but are labeled as a deviantConcepts/TermsCondemnation and redemption scriptsCondemnation scriptsResignation to fateSense of being victimized by circumstances & stateSubstance abuse is to assume control- they are doomed to failure anywayRedemption scriptsNear missionary zeal for serving a larger purposePast is recast as a prelude to their new calling, renarratizationIdentity is now rebuilt on their work lives & relations with othersInstitutional Anomie Theory (devaluation, accommodation, penetration)Achievement orientation dominatesSelf worth determined by net worth- non monetary aims diminishedEarn at any costNo stopping point in earningIndividualism is the meansSuccess is to be earned by oneselfOthers are competitorsEveryone is expected to compete3 stages of economic ascendencyDevaluationHomeowner, not homemaker, has valued roleBeing a good student is not prestigiousStay at home dads- labelsAccommodationEmployers resist family leaveSchooling sought to get a good jobPenetrationGovernment is good if run like a businessMovement of women into the workforceTeaching to the test in schoolsPrimary and secondary deviancePrimary devianceArises from a variety of sociocultural & psychological sourcesOffender often tries to rationalize the behavior as a temporary aberration or sees it as part of a socially acceptable roleOffender dos not conceive himself or herself as deviant & they do not organize his or her life around this identitySecondary deviancePrecipitated by the responses of others to the initial conductSocietal reaction intensifies progressively with each act of primary devianceThe offender becomes stigmatized through name calling, labeling, or stereotypingMoral panicIntense feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social orderMoral entrepreneurThose who start the panic when they fear a threat to prevailing social or valuesLooking glass selfPerson's self grows out of interpersonal interactions & the perceptions of othersPeople shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive themBourgeoisie and proletariatBourgeoisie- those with the power, own means of productionProletariat- workersDifferential association (postulate 6 in Sutherland’s theory)9 main pointsCriminal behavior is learnedIt is learned in interaction with others in a process of communicationLearning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groupsLearning includes techniques of the action & direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, attitudesDirection of motives & drives learned from legal codes as being favorable or unfavorableWe become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violationMay vary in frequency, priority, intensity, & duration2 dimensionsBehavioral interactional- direct association & interaction with others to engage in a behavior & identification with reference groupsNormative- exposure to


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UMD CCJS 105 - Final Exam Study Guide

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35 pages

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Notes

16 pages

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Exam 1

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