10/04GENEALOGICAL STUDIES – EARLY GENETICS- The Jukes - 1000 descendants (280 paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murders, 140 criminals, 40 VD victims, 50 prostitutes)- The Kallikak Families - 2 marriages with different outcomes- “feebleminded barwench” (480 descendants – 24 alcoholics, 8 ran brothels, 3 criminals, 3 epileptics)- “respectable woman” (nearly all describes as “normal”)- “Social Darwinism”- Popular social-scientific platform pre-WWII- Attempt to select populations with valued traits- Achieved through altering reproductive habits accordingly- Remedies for poor genetics (the rancid fruit of determinism)- Sterilization-Buck v Bell “Three generations of imbeciles is enough”- Death- The final solution (Hitler and Mein Kampf)REBIRTH OF BIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY I- Twin Studies- Monozygotic (identical) twins – 100% of genes shared- Dizygotic (fraternal) twins or siblings – 50% of genes shared- General findings – there is a correspondence between genes and criminality- Adoption Studies- For those adopted shortly after birth – this “controls” for the nature issue- General findings (correlation with criminality from weak to strong)- Adoptive father criminal- Biological father criminal- Both adoptive and biological father criminal- Physical makeup/Gene based theories- Testosterone/PMS- Biochemicals (neurotransmitters)- Nervous system (skin conductivity, resistance to anxiety reaction)- Biosocial Criminology- Attempts to locate social triggers that “activate” genes- Drug use- Complications during pregnancy/childbirth- Head injuries- Lead exposure10/09INTELLECTUAL BACKDROP- Thinking inspired by two major events- French Revolution- Industrial Revolution- Elemental concepts- mechanical solidarity (uniformity)- organic solidarity (diversity/division of labor)- Gemeinschaft (community)/Gessellschaft (society)FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS- As seen in suicide- Context is supremely important- This shapes personal decisions- What matters most is how embedded you are with society – isolation to be avoided- Protestants commit suicide more than CatholicsFUNCTIONALISM DEFINED- Crime is normal, it serves a valued social purpose- No society has existed crime free- Imagine a society of saints- Crime is to be regulated and controlled, not eliminated- Crime and deviance are continually redefined- defining deviance up (more restrictive law)- defining deviance down (more permissive law)- Constant balance achieved between deviants and conformistsNORMALIZATION AIMS- This produces social solidarity- normality is defined through a contrast with criminality/deviance- The practical benefits is managing work load- Benefits society through allowing for innovation/adaptation- MLK, Gandhi- American revolutionaries- Otherwise individuals would be pathologically over controlledDURKHEIMS LEGACY- Social disorganization- Anomie/Strain theory- anomie is normalessness taking place amid social or economic upheaval- Control theory- Sociological insight – the sum is greater than the tally of the parts- Group dynamics are essential to understanding behavior, individual characteristics are only part of the story.FOUNDATIONAL ASSUMPTIONS- Most theories, like biology, strain, learning, and labeling argue that individuals are compelled to engage in crime (tabula rasa)- These theories overdetermine or overpredict crime- Control theory, however argues that we are all predisposed towards crime- The question it attempts to answer is, WHY DO PEOPLE CONFORM TO THE LAW?EARLY SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES- Reiss- Personal controls (psychological restraints)- Jackson Toby- stakes in conformity- F. Ivan Nye- family as the locus of control- Most delinquent group- Rejected by parents and rejecting of them- Given complete freedom, or none at all- Describe parents as irritable, difficult to please, abusive when things go wrong- Reckless- inner and outer controlsNEUTRALIZATION AND DRIFT- The moral effect of the law must be made inert, it has an effect in defining right and wrong- Once this is accomplished individuals can engage in delinquency -POPULAR NEUTRALIZATIONS- Denial of responsibility (accident)- Denial of injury- Denial of victim (rightful retaliation – just desserts)- Condemnation of condemners (tagging victims of hypocrites)- Appeal to higher loyalties (family, peers)TRAVIS HIRSCHI, CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY- Social control theory emphasizes bonds formed with (1) family (2) school and (3) peers- 4 elements of the bond- Attachment- emotional/affective bond, psychological presence- Commitment- rational component, consequences, those w/ nothing to lose can deviate- Involvement- idle hands weakest element- Belief- in the moral worth of society’s lawsCONTROL THEORY- EARLY THEORIES- WHAT MAKES PEOPLE CONFORM TO LAW AND NOT COMMIT CRIMES?- Reiss (1940s)- social and personal controlling influences- primary social groups- school, family, community- Ive Nye (1950s)- - Reckless (1960s)- containment theory- push (forces you into crime) v pull (benefit and temptation of committing crime)- Self concept- see yourself as a law abiding citizen- Frustration tolerance- continue doing something without succeeding, low frustration.- Goal Orientation- stick to your goals without getting side tracked. You are on a straight path.- Norm retention- Extent of which you believe the norms and laws in society. - Family- direct and indirect control- / Internalized and alternative means- Neutralization theories- - Denial of Responsibility- it was an accident and not your fault- Denial of injury- Bill Gates example, they won’t miss what you take- Denial of victim- the victim deserved it, they had it coming- Condemning Condemners- people in powerful positions act the same way, why are they allowed to accuse you.- Appeal to higher loyalties- if you jump into a fight to save your friend…behavior is justified. - People are equally motivated to offend- Hirsch: Social bond theory- Social bond theory- crime varies across individuals people peoples relationships to society are either weak or strong, the stronger the less imposed you are to commit a crime.- Commitment bond- cost benefit analysis, whether or not it is worth it.- Attachment bond - an emotional bond, identifying with parents good relationships.- Involvement bond- no time because you are too busy, denying opportunities- Belief- the way the system is set up you don’t necessarily need to listen to the laws.- Problems with the social bond theory, loophole in each bond.- Most
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