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NamesThe Gluecks (multifactor approach, study of 500 delinquents) - Research done by Gluecks was found by Sampson and Laub- Important finding: empirical evidence that family social controls mediates the effect of both structural and individual traits on delinquency and quality social bonds during adulthood can divert persistent offenders awayfrom crime- Support for theory that social bonds throughout life are related to criminal behaviorRobert K. Merton- Criminal motivation is not inherent, must be explaino 1. Societal forces produce pressures to obtain (ends) Everyone is expected to meet this standardo 2. There are weak regulations on how this imperative must be met (means) Access to legitimate means is limited- Says labeling is a self-fulfilling prophecy- State intervention makes crime worseKarl Marx - Believed the source of the problems were class divisions- Internal contradiction of capitalism- Imbalance  revolto Class consciousness will precipitate this- Capitalism will be replaced by collective ownership and elimination of private property  will reduce crimeEdwin H. Sutherland (most notable in learning theory)- Crime is normal and learned through interactions with others- 9 principleso Crime behavior is learnedo Learned through interaction with otherso Occurs in intimate groupso Learning includes: techniques and directiono Direction of motives drives from legal codes being favorable or unfavorableo Delinquency occurs because excess of definition favoring violatingthe lawo DA may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensityo Learning criminal patterns involves all other learning mechanismso Criminal behavior is expression of needs and values but not explained buy them (b/c noncriminal behavior is also an expression of same needs)- For WCC said there were two varied typeso Misrepresentation of asset valueso Duplicity in manipulation of power- Exposure to criminal cultures applies to WCC tooRonald Akers - Differential association – reinforcement theory- Incorporates operate conditioning from psychology- Crime learned through interpretation and differential reinforcement- Social learning theory (4 ways people learn crime)o Differential association: process by which a person is exposed to normative definitions favorable or unfavorable of illegal behavior 2 dimensions: behavioral interactional, normative exposure to different patterns of norms and values through associationo Definitions: one owns attitudes or meanings that are attached to a given behavior, defines acts as good and bad Can be general (religious, moral, conventional) or specific (towards particular acts) Balance of favorable/unfavorable determines action Approving attitudes towards crime can be: positive values or excuses for the behavior. Or definitions developed through imitation and differential reinforcemento Differential reinforcement Reinforcement either: Positive: presenting positive stimulation OR Negative: removing an aversive stimuli Punishment either: direct: present an aversive stimuli OR indirect praise, gaining status etc.  Reinforcers and punishers can be: nonsocial: direct physical effects of drugs and alcohol or social: praise and gaining statuso Limitation Engagement of behavior after observation of similar behavior I others Plays role in initial acquisition of behavior The continuation of behavior patterns is determined by reinforcement structure- Social structure and social learning 4 dimensions: differential social organization (factors that lead communities to high or low rates of crime), differential location in social structure (sociodemographc characteristic that indicate position within larger social structure), theoretically defined social structure (anomie, class, oppression and social disorganization) and differential social location (membership in primary, secondary and reference groups)Howard Becker- Prominent labeling theorist - Believes criminal and deviant behavior are social artifacts- Four types of deviants and non deviantso Conformist and pure deviant are accurately perceived by society interms of actual behavioro Falsely accused are identified as criminals and are treated badlyo Secret deviants are criminal violators who have not been caught or punishedConcepts/TermsCondemnation Scripts: resignation to fate; sense of being victimized by circumstance and stateRedemption scripts: near missionary zeal for serving a purpose; identity is rebuilt on work lives and relations with othersInstitutional Anomie Theory (devaluation, accommodation, penetration)- Devaluing other institutions than economy- Accommodation- PenetrationPrimary Deviance: arises from sociocultural and psychological sources – occurs occasionally or because of a certain situation that is rationalized by actor or social audienceSecondary deviance: precipitated by response of others to initial proscribed conduct, offender is stigmatized and solve problem by continuing to act deviantMoral entrepreneur: people who serve as rule creators or enforcers – tend to be upper class who want to help those beneath them gain status- believe their morals are better andseek to spread themMoral panic: a strategy used for controlling and redefining deviance by moral entrepreneurs. They publically exaggerate the consequences to society of a group or person to try to establish conformityLooking glass self: understanding of ourselves is primarily a reflection of our perception of how others react to usBourgeoisie: middle classProletariat: surplus laborers (boom and bust cycle left many of them unemployed and demoralized)Appeal and flaws of integrated theory- Falsification has failed and combining theories is a way to move forward- Promise of integration (reduces # of theories, each theory is fraction of crime problem, elements are incompatible)- Competition should reduce to field of contenders (separate and unequal is better because incompatible assumptions, end to end and side by side and up and down integration, combining micro macro micro situational)Differential association - 9 principleso Crime behavior is learnedo Learned through interaction with otherso Occurs in intimate groupso Learning includes: techniques and directiono Direction of motives drives from legal codes being favorable or unfavorableo Delinquency occurs because excess of definition favoring violatingthe lawo DA may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensityo Learning criminal patterns


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UMD CCJS 105 - Notes

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