Names Robert K Merton Karl Marx Changed name to greaten chances of success Social structure anomie action greater than consequence Conflict theory Social class conflicts Marxism societies progress through class struggle Edwin H Sutherland Social process oriented theory contrasts with structural theories Not limited to explaining lower class crime Crime is normal rather than pathological Crime is learned through interaction with others Ronald Akers Social learning theory Focus on how criminal behavior was learned Update Differential Association Theory not only in immediate personal groups Social Learning Theory o Differential Association o Definitions General morals beliefs Specific behaviors o Differential Reinforcement o Imitation modeling Howard Becker The Outsiders o Learning can also occur independent of association with others and o A special person who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed by o Society views delinquents as outsiders as delinquents view society as the group outsiders Misapplication of the label types of deviants o Conformist o Pure deviant commit caught labeled o Secret deviant never get caught o Falsely accused didn t commit accused still labeled Came up with Master status and more entrepreneur Condemnation and Redemption Scripts Concepts and Terms There are two main types of criminals Persisters and desisters Persister Active ex convicts who continue to commit crime Desisters Inactive ex convicts who turn away from that life of crime Condemnation scripts When a Persister continues to commit crime and blames their inability to turn life around on their lack of opportunities for employment and other obstacles so instead they claim living a straight life or a life free of deviance is nearly impossible for them that is the condemnation script Redemption scripts When a Desister has a change of heart no longer believes they need to commit crime and leaves behind those influences that led them to crime They rebuild their lives and become productive members of society and are motivated by some outside force or person who pushes them to be better members of society Institutional Anomie Theory Messner and Rosenfeld argue that achievement orientation dominates and individualism is the means Achievement orientation dominates o Self wroth is determined by the net worth o Earn at any costs o No stopping point Individualism is the means o Success is to be earned by ones self o Others are competitors o Everyone expected to compete Devaluation o Homeowner not homemaker has valued role o Being a good student is not prestigious o Stay at home dads Accommodation o Employers resist family leave o Schooling sought to get a good job Penetration o Believe government is good if it runs like a business o Movement of women to workforce o Teaching the test in schools Moral Status Identifies you most as an individual One word label you apply to yourself to directly identify who you are Overwhelms all of our other identities Moral Entrepreneur Points out there are issues within the law Ex drinking and driving texting and driving Points out the issues then leads to making laws to prevent issues Moral Panic become an issue Argues that things like bullying and sexual assault escalate too much and Primary and Secondary Deviance Primary Deviance o Sources polygenetic arising out a variety of social cultural psychological and physiological factors assume that all humans do these things o Anything pretty much causes primary deviance o Later increases with social reaction Secondary Deviance like a second step o Secondary happens when a society reacts to the primary deviance o Can limit potential to adopt conforming behavior o Label has been applied that you are a deviant o The identity is internalized then think of themselves as delinquent so they act like one Looking Glass Self what thy say Bourgeoisie and Proletariat Others judge us and help us form our impression of who we are based on Upper and Lower class respectively represent constant struggle for power Bourgeoisie were the owners of production Proletariat are the working class Differential association postulate 6 in Sutherland s theory Focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals but does not concern itself w why they become criminals 9 Principles of DA 1 Criminal behavior is learned 2 It is learned in interaction w others in a process of communication 3 Learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups i e media is excluded 4 Learning includes Techniques of the action Direction of motives drives rationalization and attitudes 5 Direction of motives and drives learned from legal codes as being favorable or unfavorable 6 We become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definition unfavorable to violation 7 DA may vary in frequency duration priority and intensity Frequency How often the crime occurs Priority Status established in order of importance or urgency Duration How long the crime was committed Intensity How severe the crime is 8 Learning criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms involved with any other learning 9 Not limited to just imitating behavior Differential reinforcement Crime is learned through operant conditioning through rewards and punishments Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for Operant conditioning behavior Analytic induction General Strain Theory Three sources Methodology of discovering universal laws Differential association is the response produces sociological legacy o Prevent or threaten to prevent the achievement of positively valued o Remove or threaten to remove the achievement of positive valued goals goals o Present of threaten to present negatively values stimuli Crime is an alternative to alleviating frustration This results from negative emotions primarily frustration Disintegrative and Reintegrative shaming Disintegrative o Public ways to acknowledge people have used bad behaviors People arrested for DUI have a different color license plate holder or sex offenders have a sign in their front yard o Shaming stigmatizes permanently o Shaming has value because it changes the bad behavior from within o Difficulty is determining the correct amount of shame to produce Reintegrative disapproval o An effort is made to build conscience through applying social o Shaming practices mold our boundaries o If you make people ashamed of bad behavior in the right way they learn what is morally acceptable and
View Full Document
Unlocking...