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Introduction to Criminology: Exam 2 Study GuidePresented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 60 question multiple-choice examination. The list is not exhaustive. This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included. Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the first exam (classical theory, biology, sociology, social disorganization, control, and developmental) as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion.DESCRIPTION OF THE CRIMINALClassical- rational choice theory, deterrencePeople will choose to commit crimes if it benefits themPositivist- biological theories, Chicago SchoolPeople are born/raised with factors that tend to favor criminal behaviorNeo-Classical- control theories, routine activities theory, developmental theoriesPeople are predisposed towards crimeAsks why people conform to the lawNamesBeccariaClassical criminologyDeterrence- swiftness, severity, certainty  deterrenceAgainst the death penaltyBrutalization effect- increase of homicides in places that have the death penaltyLegislatures, elected by citizens, must define crimes & specific punishment for each offense  judges should not interpret the lawTrue measure of crime is namely the harm done to societyMens rea & actus reusA given act should be given equal punishmentTorture should not be usedRight to a speedy trialSociety must have a sayResponsibility of determining facts of a case should be in hands of more than one person, jury of peersDecision making processes of justice should be public knowledgeIf people know the punishments, they will act accordinglyLombrosoBiological criminologyItalian criminologist & military physicianThe born criminalMeasured numerous physical attributesPhrenology- study of the skullWritingsOn Criminal Man4 types of criminalsBorn- generational criminalsInsane- idiots, imbeciles, etc.Occasional- rarely act on their traitsPassion- act on emotionDurkheimSociological criminologyMechanical & organic solidarityAnomieThe deregulation of appetites; normlessnessTends to occur most often during times of change in societal valuesWritingsThe Division of Labor in SocietyThe Rules of the Sociological MethodSuicidePhineas GageBrain injury- frontal lobeFrontal lobe largely governs high level, problem-solving functionsWas more aggressive, could not make rational decisions  was relaxed & rational beforeShowed that the biology of the brain does affect criminogenic factorsTravis HirschiIf IQ matters, differences should show up not only between groups, but also within groupsLower IQ leads to lower school performance, which leads to delinquencyEmphasizes bonds formed with family, school, & peers4 elements of the bondAttachmentEmotional/affective bondPsychological presenceCommitmentRational component, consequences, those with nothing to lose can deviateInvolvementIdle hands, weakest elementBeliefIn the moral worth of society’s lawsHirschi & GottfredsonOnly determinant in crime is a lack of self controlLocus of control moved from external relationships to an internal mechanismSelf control is established in childhood through parental socialization (3 stage process)Supervision- parent must be presentRecognition- deviance must be acknowledgedPunishment- cannot be too harsh with powerRemains stable from age 8 until death, enduring traitThomas Hobbes (social contract)The life of man- solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, shortAll individuals are in a constant state of warfare with all other individualsSocial contractPrimitive state of fear of constant warfare was motivation for entering into a contract with others in creating a common authorityFear was needed to make citizens conform to given rules or laws in societyKornhauserNeighborhoods & crimeSocial disorganization produces delinquent subcultures which sustain delinquent values that are passed onDelinquency results from a community’s inability to regulate behavior3 attributes of disorganized communitiesPovertyRacial/ethnic heterogeneityHigh residential mobilityShaw & McKaySocial disorganization theoryConstant changeInvasion, dominance, successionWidespread povertyDilapidated housing, low SES, homogeneity of each groupOther social illsBreakdown of families & community- informal social controlLack of stable societal institutions- formal social controlConstant change + widespread poverty = social disorganization = increased delinquencyRobert SampsonCollective efficacyThe willingness of community residents toExercise formal controlTrust & help one anotherThe willingness of residents to intervene in stopping delinquent/criminal behavior demonstrates community cohesionConcepts/TermsAtavismBiological throwback, a reappearance of an earlier characteristicMechanic and organic solidarityMechanic- uniformity, more primitiveCrime is normal, laws reflect societal beliefsLaw enforces uniformity of the membersOriented toward repressing any deviation from the normsOrganic- diversity/division of labor, more advancedCrime is still normal, laws change to reflect societal beliefsLaw regulates interactions of various parts of societyProvides restitution in cases of wrongful transactionsPositivismCriminal as determinedAnalyzed reality through medicine, secular, rational-scientific thinking & experimentationInterest in biological explanationsFunctionalismThe idea that crime is normal and serves a purposeNo society has ever existed crime freePurposeCrime is to be regulated & controlled, not eliminatedCrime & deviance are continually refinedDefining deviance up- more restrictive lawDefining deviance down- more permissive lawConstant balance achieved between deviants & conformistsResult from purposeProduces social solidarityNormality is defined through a contrast with criminality/deviancePractical benefit is in managing workloadBenefits society through allowing for innovation/adaptationMLK, Gandhi, American revolutionariesOtherwise individuals would be pathologically over controlledGeneral and specific deterrenceSpecificPreventing the criminal from reoffendingFocuses on defendant regardless of any possible offending by othersPerceptual deterrence (falls under specific)You want offenders to perceive that they will be punished- if the know that they will & what the punishments are, they will be less likely to commit crimeGeneralDeterrence of others, regardless of whether the individual criminal is deterredHuman ecologyMainly macro level theoriesTheory of social disorganizationMuch of human behavior,


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UMD CCJS 105 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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