Final Review – Fall 2013, CCJS 105 (FC01 - Matsuda)Jaclyn SpielsingerII. CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIESLabeling Theory- What is the focus of labeling theory (compared to traditional theories of crime)?Labeling theory looks at the reactors, labels can be positiveSanctions- a punishment of offendersHow people are labeled (race, ses, age, neighborhood)What effect does labeling have on future behavior (labeling process and labelers)CRITICISM- lose focus on actors- What are some of the social, historical issues that made labeling theory popular?Civil rights, racial inequality, social and poverty, intellectual content (self reported studies), distrust of state/government - What are the two primary questions asked by labeling perspectives?Sensitizing perspective- changes people perception. Making people sensitive to other factorsCritical- conflict (different values disagreements) vs. consensus (agreements)Questions:1. How people get labeled specifically2. What are the effects of labeling affecting the future?a. Why certain racial/ethnic, socioeconomic classes- Basic argument of labeling theory?-Idea that our individual identities are shaped by our interaction with the world -How people react to you -“Self fulfilling prophecy”Conflict Theory- broad umbrella - What is the focus of conflict theory (compared to traditional theories of crime)?Focus on criminal justice system rather than offenders and criminals - What is the basic difference between conflict and consensus perspectives?Conflict emerging to exercise control over particular situations or events- competing for access toresources (money, law) Conflict (there’s a gap in agreement) and Consensus (all agree about law, come together)Consensus- legislaturesConflict- laws upper class. The higher the social class structure, the more powerful in society social stratification Conflict vs. Consensus- how theories view society Power Threat Theory:Threatsocial control Threats= growing numbers, political representation, ecominic, criminal (certain individuals who were stereotyped)Final Review – Fall 2013, CCJS 105 (FC01 - Matsuda)Threat Hypothesis-Majority (white) vs. Minority (black). As threats increase majority responds by increasing social control (social control= police forces, police expenditures, arrests, prosecutions, convictions) (social control – formal, more deliberate, criminal justice. informal- discrimination- segregation) - What are some of the social, historical issues that made conflict theory popular?Civil rights Movement- women, gay rights, workers and studentsWatergate scandal- distrust of government (deinstitutionalization was a product of this) People of color are oppressed and people of light skin are more powerful- Basic argument of conflict theory?Law is a resource exercised by someone in power Gender & Feminist Theory- What are some of the reasons feminist theory became popular in criminology?Women’s liberation, women’s rights movement, battered women Women were under represented Feminist because popular in Academia So little attention paid to females in criminal justice system- How has feminist theory influenced operation of the justice system?Feminist criminologist Feminists want laws, policies and procedures changedVideo of woman who was beaten (took 3 calls to police before they came)Police viewed child and domestic abuse as a private matter- How has feminist theory influenced theories of crime and female offending?Women’s Liberation Hypothesis: as women became more equal more crime would occur by womenDomestic violence and sexual assaultAdvocates influenced policy and criminal behavior females commit Social Learning Theory- Sutherland – differential association theoryInteraction with others and what is learned are definitions (value motives) and techniques (how to) Main Point: Ratio of favorable violation vs. non favorable to law violationAssociations vary by: frequency, duration, priority, and intensity- Akers – what does he contribute to Sutherland’s original theory?Reinforcement: increase behavior: positive (giving/adding ex: reward of money, status, adrenaline, satisfaction) negative (Removing something ex: removal of pain, stimulus, aversive, stealing something to avoid hunger) Punishment: decrease in behavior ex: jail negative (ex: loosening innocence, removal of reward)Added limitation model- people can learn through limitation and model of others Discriminative Stimuli- cues/signals, habitSchedules- reinforcement occurs at different ratesEncompasses deterrence (a classical school reference) both specific and generalReinforcements can be actual or anticipatedFinal Review – Fall 2013, CCJS 105 (FC01 - Matsuda)*Distant reference groups: media (televisions and movies) can learn through the media -One’s position in social structure determines exposure to different definitions and types of learning - Understand principles of operant conditioning – reinforcement (positive, negative) and punishment (positive, negative)Social Control Theory- What is the basic assumption of all social control theories?Everyone is capable of crime. The difference in human nature to mechanisms of crime. Human nature is essentially criminal - Be able to explain what Durkheim meant when he said that crime is “functional” and when he referred to a “society of saints”“Crime is functional-“ has a purpose- creates boundaries for other people Society of saints- to explain that there’s still crime but it has a different definition - What is the difference between social control and self-control?’Self-control: internal beliefs, moralsSocial control: sanctions (formal) societies reaction (peers, family, workforce), ego- What four things does Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency/criminal behavior?Attachment- important for creating conformity even when those others are deviant themselves (greater social bond, less crime; parents, teachers, peers)Involvement-degree of activity available for conventional/unbehavior (how busy people keep, greater involvement=less crime)Commitment- investment (time, money, education, family, relationships)Belief- respect (attitudes toward right and wrong)- What do Gottfredson & Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency/criminal behavior?Internal control- talk about what leads to development of self control (parenting- appropriate parenting is consistent which leads to stable self control) The lower the self control the higher the levels of
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