CCJS105Exam 2Concept and Terms Part 1Concepts/Terms• Anomie◦ Breakdown of social norms and rules that prevent crime from occurring.◦ Durkheim argues that this is a result of rapid social change• Atavism◦ criminals are a biological throwback, they haven’t evolved correctly/enough• Mechanic and organic solidarity▪ mechanic solidarity is relatively isolated from all other social groups and is self -sufficient▪ Individuals live largely under identical circumstances, do identical work, and hold identical values▪ there is little division of labor with only a few persons in the clan or village having specialized functions▪ there is little need for individual talents and solidarity is based on the uniformity of its members▪ Crime is normal in the sense that a society without crime would be pathologically overcontrolled '''''b. Organic▪ Different segments of society depend on each other in a highly organized division of labor▪ social solidarity no longer based on uniformity but on the diversity of the functions of the parts of the society▪ law regulates the interactions in various parts of society and provides restitution in cases of wrongful transactions▪ As society develops toward this form it is possible for a pathological state, which he called anomie, to occur, and such a state would produce a varietyof social maladies, including crime• Positivismfirst real movement in crim theory to have an emphasis on data collectionthe view that behavior is determined by factors beyond the individuals controlimplies that humans are not self-determining agents who are free to do as they wish and as their intelligence directsOriginal positivists focused mainly on biological factors while the later ones shifted to psychological and then to social factors in their attempts to find causes of criminalbehavior.• FunctionalismCrime is “normal”; it serves a valued social purposeNo society has existed crime-freeThe Purpose of Functionalism◦ Crime is to be regulated and controlled, not eliminated◦ Crime and deviance are continually redefinedDefining deviance up – more restrictive lawDefining deviance down – more permissive lawConstant balance achieved between deviants and conformists◦ looks at society as a whole◦ explains crime and deviance by saying that the source of deviance lies in the nature of society itself rather than in psychology or biology• General and specific deterrence◦ General- Impact of threat of legal punishment on public at large.◦ Specific-Impact of legal punishments on individuals apprehended committing crime.• Human ecology◦ Human individuals struggling for their survival in an interrelated, mutually dependent community.◦ Used to relate criminology to science in order to be accepted in society• Somatotyping◦ associates body types with human temperament types◦ three somatotypesgerm layers of embryonic development▪ endoderm (develops into the digestive tract)▪ mesoderm (develops into muscle, heart, and blood vessels)▪ ectoderm ''''''' (forms skin and nervous system)◦ In his 1954 book, Atlas of Men, Sheldon categorised all possible body types according to a scale ranging from 1 to 7 for each of the three "somatotypes", where the pure "endomorph" is 7–1–1, the pure "mesomorph" 1–7–1 and the pure "ectomorph" scores 1–1–7. From type number, an individual's mental characteristics could supposedly be predicted.◦ criminals are most likely to be mesomorphs• Psychosocial encapsulation◦ most likely to occur when the perceived threat is immediate, when it is experienced infrequently, and when the threat occurs in circumstances in which the individual feels socially isolated.◦ this state is characterized by a tremendous sense of urgency about the immediate problem and a foreshortened time perspective w/ regard to consequences of actions◦ burglars don’t think the way we do▪ they “burn bridges”• Zone 2 (the zone of transition)◦ zone in transition◦ people don’t know each other, constant moving in and out (as people move up)◦ particular problem area for crime◦ most crime happens here• Ethnic heterogeneity◦ Population composed of diverse amount of ethnic groups. One of Kornhauser’s characteristics of a disorganized community.• Collective efficacy◦ Sampson◦ This represents the willingness of community residents to▪ Exercise informal control, and▪ Trust and help one another◦ The willingness of residents to intervene in stopping delinquent/criminal behavior demonstrates community cohesion.• Mens rea and actus reus◦ The two elements of committing a crime◦ Mens rea-guilty mind(intent to commit the act)--mental element◦ Actus reus--external element--committing the guilty act◦ both must be present in convicting the criminal• Routine activities (motivated offender, suitable target, absence of a capable guardian)◦ Cohen and Felson◦ shift in social norms/activities in 70s, which was used to look at crime patterns▪ this was because people started having portable valuable items, women started working (I think she was saying that this produced more income for a family or that women were easy targets for crime)◦ motivated offender- There is some sort of gain from committing the offense◦ Suitable victim/target- they have something that the other person wants◦ lack of a capable guardian- no police are around or a dark ally• 3 primary elements of deterrence theory◦ Effects of policies on specific crimes in specific places◦ Relationship between objective risks and perceived risks◦ Policies in jurisdions and their effect on crime rates◦ Certainty (most important)◦ Swiftness◦ Severity (least important)• Determinism (also, crime as overdetermined)◦ Human behavior determined by factors beyond the individuals control.◦ Humans are not self-determining agents free to do as they wish• 4 elements of social control theory◦ attachment (emotional aspect)▪ I dont want to hurt you because it will bring pain◦ involvement ▪ weakest element◦ commitment (rational component)▪ those with nothing to lose will commit more crime◦ belief (moral worth of society’s laws)• Low self-control◦ Cause of crime as defined by Gottfredson and Hirschi◦ Has parental influence based on :▪ 1.Supervision▪ 2. Recognition▪ 3.Punishment◦ Those with low self control are more likely to commit crime and act in other “analogous behavior” (bad credit,
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