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CCJS105Exam 2Concept and Terms Part 2• Broken windows theory◦ disorder demonstrates a lack of concern◦ a lack of concern is a cue indicating permission to commit crime◦ fear of crime then reduces community interaction◦ The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism as well as an escalation into more serious crime.◦ solution: zero tolerance policy▪ takes away signs of disorder and leads to reorganization▪ ex. if you go to a town and see broken down cars and smashed windows, peoplemay be more inclined to commit crime because of the current bad state of the town• Neutralization and drift (common neutralizations)◦ the moral effect of the law must be made inherit, it has an effect in defining right and wrong.◦ once this is accomplished individuals can engage in delinquency and crime◦ This helps an offender maintain a law abiding identify despite having violated.◦ Popular neutralizations▪ denial of responsibility (accident)▪ denial of injury▪ Denial of Victim- rightful retaliation▪ Condemnation of condemners (tagging victims as hypocrites)▪ Appeal to higher loyalties (family, peers)• 2 competing definitions of white collar crime - KNOW THAT SUTHERLAND IS PERSON BEHIND THIS◦ restricted to the class position of people who commit certain kinds of offences (i.e. corporate and banking executives)▪ only rich can commit white collar crimes- focus is on the person◦ applied to the offences themselves, regardless of who the perpetrators are (i.e. abusing your position within a company for personal growth)▪ focus is on the kind of crime done• Adoption and twin studies◦ Differences in the behavior of fraternal twins can be explained by differences in heredity but behavior of identical twins cannot because in genetics there is a clear cut distinction between the two▪ Identical twins (monozygotic) are the product of single fertilized egg and have identical heredity▪ Fraternal twins (dizygotic) are the product of two eggs simultaneously fertilizedby two sperms and therefore have the same relation as ordinary siblings▪ Number of studies have tended to show a greater similarity of criminal behavioramong identical twins than among fraternal twins▪ Principle difficulty with this method is that the greater similarity of behavior of identical twins may be due to a greater similarity in their environmental experiences because identical twins are physically more similar than are fraternal twins▪ Evidence was found that antisocial behavior can be inherited 99999999999 Another method for determining effects on heredity was on criminality is to studythe record of adoptees• An interactive effect between the criminality of the biological and the adoptive father was found; when only one was a criminal the effect was not as great as when both were criminal• the magnitude of the effect of criminality of the adoptive father was weaker than the effect of criminality of the biological father• Probability of the adoptees being convicted of a crime was influenced by the number of court convictions of their biological parents, but not of their adoptive parents (this was true for property offenses not violent offenses)• The socioeconomic status of the adoptive and biological parents, the personality disorders of the biological parents, and the number of placements before final adoption all influenced adoptees convictions ( mostly for property offenses not violent ones)◦ Strongest to weakest relation▪ both biological and adoptive father▪ biological father▪ adoptive fatherControl theory assumptions about criminal motive• Larceny: the broadest form of theft. Two distinctions petit (petty) and grand larceny dependingon the value of of the property stolen based on class. Definite bias.• Robbery vs. Burglary = Theft through threats/fear vs. Theft through entering a dwelling without threat/fear• 8% of American households burglarized each year 2 out of 3 against residences. 90% males• John Lyn Lofland (1969) Crimes involve three-phase process, beginning with (1) a perceived threat;moving to (2) a state of “psycho-social encapsulation,” and culminating in (3) the specific criminal act• White-Collar Crime◦ offenses committed by persons of high status in the course of their business, professional, or political lives.◦ any offense involving violations of certain laws such as those which forbid conspiracies in restraint of trade, as well as statutes that outlaw false advertising, embezzlement, and laws that come under the general heading of fraud.◦ Concept formally born 1939, by Edwin H. Sutherland of Indiana University• Classicism three different but related strands of theory and research:◦ (1) Theory and research about the deterrent effect of criminal justice policies◦ (2) Argues 9that rationally calculating potential offenders respond to opportunities to commit crimes and that these opportunities are systematically related to the “routine activities” by which people live their lives◦ (3) Rational choice approach, complex 9view of how offenders in particular situations calculate their costs and benefits.Psychopathy - lack of empathy, difficulty associated with other people in a normal kind of way, difficulty feeling certain things (this will be a question on test)Tipping point - point where too many arrests lead to more crime (person is Clear)Coercive mobility - the removal of a large amount of people, specifically men in the community, who are


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UMD CCJS 105 - Exam 2

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