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60 multiple-choice. Material covered since the first exam (classical theory, biology, sociology, social disorganization, control, and developmental) as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion.NamesCesare Beccaria - Rational Choice Theory (Classical School of Thought)o “Crime results from the free will and hedonism of the individual criminal”o we have free will- we can make conscious decisionso we maximize utility by weight cost & benefitso Hedonism = need to maximize pleasure and minimize pain- We should focus on the ACT of crime (acts reus), and NOT the criminal (mens rea- mind)o Individuals give up part of their liberty to allow society to established the nation + the ability to create crim law and punish offenders- The aim of a good legislation is the prevention of crime. prevention > punishment.o 3 characteristics of punishment that will influence if a man will decide to commit an act: 1) swiftness: a swift trial and punishment is important we cant wait too long to punish them, or they wont know wwhat they did is wrong the longer the time wait, the less association with the ideas of crime to the said action 2) severity: weakest for a punishment to be effective, the potential penalty should outweigh the potential benefits but it should be limited- we dont want to OVERpunish or else they will rebound (like three strikes law) 3) certainty: most important the risks of punishment has most fear in someone What are the chances of you going to jail?Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) - Determinism- “born criminal” certain people are born and biologically predisposed to criminality- Atavism- “biological throwback” those predisposed towards criminality are less biologically developed/evolved than the rest of the non-criminal population- He was an Italian prison physician: o Lombroso measured numerous physical attributes, such as sloping forehead, shoulders, ear placement, skull size, arms/legs, jaw length etc--theorized that people with particular physical attributes have greater propensity for criminalityo Classifications of criminals Born criminal- People with atavistic characteristicso Insane criminal- Idiots, imbeciles, paranoiacs as well as epileptics and alcoholicso Occasional criminals-Whose crimes are explained primarily by opportunity, although they too have innate traits that predispose them to criminalityo Criminals of passion- Who commit crimes because of anger, love, or honor and are characterized by being propelled to crime by an “irresistible force”Phrenology- Study of the skullDurkheim: 1858-1917- Influenced by: French (1789) and Industrial Revolution (around 1760s to 1840s). - Sociologist The Division of Labor in Society (1893) -The Rules of the SociologicalMethod (1895) -Suicide (1897)- Social self important to Durkheim- Mead's social psychology influenced by Durkheim’s homo duplex= dividing the individual into I and Me.- Anomie isn’t simply a normlessness but as the more or less complete collapse of social solidarity itself, the destruction of the fundamental bonds uniting individuals in a collective social order so each person is forced to go alone.- The Importance of Integration and Regulation:o social solidarity was maintained by two distinct sets of social functions. Those involving integration and those involving regulation.o Integration is described as a state of cohesion amounting to a common faith sustained by collective beliefs and practices leading to strong social bonds and the subordination of self to a common cause.o Collective activity: what gave purpose and meaning to life when integrative functions failed, the collective force of society was weakened and mutual moral support was eroded and relaxation of social bonds lead to extreme individualism.- Durkheim saw integration as a sum of:o attraction that drew people togethero regulationo constraint that bound the individuals not normso Constraining regulation Gfunctions become more important in an urban society with a complex division of labor- People are a blend of 2 aspects:o social self that looks to societyo a product of socialization and cultivation of human potentials- a civilized member of a community- Alternatively, there's the ego/primal self, incomplete without society and that is full of impulses knowing no natural bounds.- Social solidarity:based highly developed functions on social integration and social regulation allowed the more primal self to become fully humanized in a lifeshared with others on a moral common ground. Unless social solidarity is developed and maintained we can expect crime and delinquency.Phineas Gage- precursor of biological criminology- had railroad accident, where a spike went through his frontal lobe and changed hisbehavior- lead us to believe that changes to the brain can produce changes in behaviorTravis Hirschi- psychosocial- Hirschi’s First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquencyo Central Idea: delinquency arises when social bonds are weak/absent.o Social bonds: why people choose not to break laws/factors that restrain impulses bonds formed with family, school, and peerso Internalization: process by which social norms are taken so deeply into theself as to become a fundamental part of the personality structure.o Hirschi: no motivational factors; loss of control sets the individual free to calculate the cost of crime.- Hirshi was a control theoristo key issue is to explain people who are motivated to seek immediate gratification in the easiest way refrain from doing so- H motivation to offend is universal, therefore can’t explain who is criminalo Motivation to offend= independent variableo must vary to explain variation in the dependent variable: criminal conducto variation in the strength of social control is what explains variation in the extent of which people engage in crime- H persons control resides in ties to conventional society, relationship to society. These relationships =social bonds.- 4 elements of the bond:o Attachment- emotionalaffective bond, psychological presenceo commitmen- rational component, consequences, those with nothing to losecan deviateo involvement- idel hands, weakest element (because crime often doesnt take a lot of planning, its spur of the moment)o belief- in the moral worth of society’s laws- H variation in social bonds=variation in crime- H rejects view of classical school of crim G(opted for fundamentally sociological) that crime is simply due to a weighing of costs


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UMD CCJS 105 - Cesare Beccaria

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