CCJS FINAL EXAM REVIEW1. In learning terms, this increases behavior and this decreases behaviora. Reinforcement and punishment2. These crime measures get at the “dark figure of crime” and deal with issues caused by “the crime funnel”a. Self-report and victimization data3. Best demographic predictor of crimea. Gender4. The difference between Decent and Street familiesa. Decent = middle class values5. 4 elements of Hershey’s social bonda. Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief6. Other ways to learn, according to Akersa. Imitation and modeling7. 3 key principles that make criminological research scientifica. Empiricism, objectivity, control8. Question asked by control theoristsa. Why do people obey the law?9. Wolfgang + Ferracuti’s subculture of violence focuses on explaining thisa. Lower class violent crime10. This type of learning incorporates imitation and observations of othersa. Social learning11. What Akers added to differential associationa. Operant conditioning12. Unintended consequencesa. Latent function13. Primary source of official crime data in the USAa. The UCR14. Difference between Hirschi (1969) and G&H (1990)a. Social bond vs. low self control15. Main idea of differential association (6th proposition)a. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to law violation16. Criminologist who proposed social learning theorya. Akers17. Policy implications, broad scope, fits facts, not tautological, logical consistencya. Criteria of a good theory18. Difference between formal and informal social controla. Formal = criminal justice system; informal = others (parents)19. Elements of routine activitiesa. Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardians20. UCR part I offensesa. Murder, robbery, rape, assault, burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson21. (SOCIAL CONTROL): People engage in crime becausea. Their bond to society is weakened/broken 22. How crime is learned according to Sutherlanda. Interactions with others23. This type of learning incorporates reinforcements and punishmentsa. Operant conditioning24. According to Sampson & Laub, most significant turning pointsa. Marriage and employment25. Earliest explanations of crimea. Spiritual/demonological26. Difference between misdemeanor and felonya. Misdemeanor= less than a year in jail; felony = more than a year in prison27. Differential associations have these 4 characteristics: a. Frequency, intensity, priority, duration28. Pavlov’s dogs are an example of this type of learninga. Classical conditioning29. Denial of victim justification implies thisa. Victim deserved the injury under the circumstances30. According to new face of terrorism chapter in Cromwell, the majority of research concludes this about most terroristsa. Most terrorists are psychologically NORMAL31. According to Merton, strain or anomiea. Disjuncture between means and goals32. Crime committed during course of legitimate occupation for one’s own benefita. Occupational crime33. Reanalyzing data already collecteda. Secondary
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