Final Exam ReviewCCJS 105-20 “Audit” Questions-18 Questions, Lectures 1-4-17 Questions, Lecture 5-12 Questions, Lecture 6-16 Questions, Lecture 7-9 Questions, Lecture 8-8 Questions, Cromwell (Chapters 19, 1, 14, and 24)Key TermsLectures 1-4 Folkways, mores, and laws- FOLKWAYS- (least serious norms) Refer to usages, traditions and edicutt, No legal sanctions (punishments), they are preferred (no cutting in line). - MORES- (more serious customs) Refer to moral judgment as well as sanctions. (cheating)- LAWS- (serious norms) formal modes of control (institutionalized mores)Mala se vs. mala prohibita- Mala Se: An act is bad because of itself (murder(- Mala Prohibita: An act is bad because it has been prohibited (smoking pot)Criminology- the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior- (Schmallenger 2009)- The study of law making, law breaking and the reactions to law breaking- (Hagan 2008)- Forms of criminal behavior, the causes of crime, the definition of criminality, the societal reaction to criminal activityConflict vs. consensus perspective- Conflict Perspective: Those in power make the law- Consensus Perspective: The definition of crime is based on a shared set of values and normsCrime funnel- All things that happen before you are incarcerated.1st degree vs. 2nd degree homicide vs. involuntary manslaughter- 1 st Degree- Pre-Meditated (hire someone o kill someone, have weapon or tools,any foresight or planning) - 2 nd Degree: Crime of passion-- Involuntary manslaughter: accident (car accident)Larceny vs. robbery vs. burglary- Larceny: Unlawful taking, carrying, leaving, or riding away f property of possession or constructive possession of another (no force, larceny is both planned and unplanned)- Burglary: Unlawful entry to a structure to commit a serious crime, usually theft of property- Robbery: Unlawful taking of possession using force (assault) or threat of force (weapons)Correlates of crime- 83% arrested are MALE (strongest correlate of crime). Males are most likely to be victims of homicide, robbery and assault. Females are most likely to be victims of sexual assault and rape. They are equal on theft and larceny.- AGE, GENDER, RACEDark figure of crime- Unreported Crimes, Victimless crimes (drug use (personal), gambling) Lecture 5Brutalization effect- Make people devalue human life- 3Capital punishment supposedly sends the message that it is acceptable to kill in some circumstances, or that society has a disregard for the sanctity of life. The brutalizing effect of the death penalty may even be responsible for increasing the number of murders in jurisdictions in which it is practicedDeterrent effect- inhibition of criminal activity by state imposed penalties. (Specific Deterrence)-when individuals are punished for particular crime as a result that they do not commit it again. (General Deterrence)- aimed at society, the inhibition of desire to engage in crime among the general population through punishment of certain offendersSimultaneity- Something else could be the cause for the effect especially in relation to laws.Displacement- Crime is shifted to another form or place- Robbery to burglary- Cars @ UMD to cars at Knox roadTarget hardening- strengthening of the security of building in order to reduce or minimising the risk of attack or3theft.3 It is considered a "strong, visible defense will deter or delay an attack".Utilitarian philosophy- social action should be based on the greatest good of society.- Gamblers’ fallacy vs. selectionLecture 6Cultural transmission- Social disorganization theory- Older delinquents teach the younger onesCollective efficacy- People go out of their way to report crime and social cohesionReaction formation- Saying you don’t want what you really want- “Saying you hate kids that go to college when you really want to go to college”Anomie (Both Durkheim’s and Merton’s definitions)- Durkheim- Anomie- Normalness is defined by societies without norms. The disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals.- Merton- Anomie- The disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals.Modes of adaptationAdaptations: Cultural Goals: Structural Means:Conformity + +Innovation + -Ritualism - +Retreatism - -Rebellion +/- +/-Status frustration- The delinquent can’t achieve status through goals of the upper class. They achieve it through crime“Middle class measuring rod”- Youths are held to the standards of the upper or middle class regardless of their own social economical status. (SES)Life course persisters vs. adolescent-limited offenders- !@#$%^&*&^%$#@#$%^&*&^%$#@!@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@#$%^&*(&^%$#@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@!@#$%^&*()(*&^%$#@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@!@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@!@#$%^&*(&^%$#@!@#$%^&*Lecture 7Priority, intensity, duration, and frequency- crime is learned behavior through close intimate personal groups learned definitions and favorable criminal activity- Frequency- # of contacts/definitions- Duration-length of time exposed contacts- Priority- Preference individuals express towards values- Intensity- Degree of meaning attached to the exposureAttachment, commitment, involvement, and belief- Social bond theory- Delinquency takes place when a persons bonds to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing your state of conformity- Attachment- A bon to others and institutions- Commitment- How much time and degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the social or economic system.- Involvement- Engagement in legitimate socials and recreational activities- Belief- In a conventional norms and values system and the law.Imitation- @#$%^&**&^%$#@#$%^&*&^%$#@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@#$%^&*&^%$#@#$%^&*Differential reinforcement- !@#$%^&*&^%$#@!@#$%^&*&$%^&*(*$#@#$%^&*()($#@#$%^&*()(*&^%$#@#$%^&-Primary and secondary deviance- Primary deviance- Ocaasional and situational deviance that may be excused or rationalized by the actor or social audience- Secondary deviance- The result of dynamic interaction between and individuals deviance and the societal response to it. Behavior is recognized, processed and itslabeled. Individual’s identity is going to change.Status degradation ceremony- You are not delinquent until you are socially recognized, then you are a criminal for the rest of your life- Ceremonies in which an individual is defined by society and themselves as deviantMaster status- Essentially a label that defines over all other labels- Self-fulfilling prophecy-
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